Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:quant-ph/9809069

Nonstandard introduction to squeezing of the electromagnetic field

Iwo Białynicki‐Birula

Published Sep 23, 1998• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This article contains a review of an alternative theory of squeezing, based entirely on the wave function description of the squeezed states. Quantum field theoretic approach is used to describe the squeezing of the electromagnetic field in its most complete form that takes into account temporal and spatial characteristics of the squeezed state. An analog of the Wigner function for the full electromagnetic field is introduced and expressed in terms of second order correlation functions. The field-theoretic approach enables one to study the propagation of the ``squeezing wave'' in space-time. A simple example of weak squeezing, that allows for all calculations to be done analytically, is discussed in detail.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/9809069

Related papers

Propagation of Squeezing of the Electromagnetic Field

Iwo Białynicki‐Birula

Quantum field theoretic approach is used to describe the of the electromagnetic field in its most complete form that takes into account tem- poral and spatial characteristics of the squeezed state. This approach enables one to study the propagation of the squeezing wave in space-time. A simple exam- ple of a weak squeezing, that allows for all calculations to be done analytically, is discussed in detail.

•Jan 1, 1998•1 citation

Space–time description of squeezing

Zofia Białynicka-Birula, Iwo Białynicki‐Birula

We present a field-theoretical description of the squeezed states of the electromagnetic field. A definition of the squeezed state is introduced that is a natural generalization of the definition for one or two modes. We show that the squeezing produced by the medium with space- and time-dependent material coefficients ∊ and μ is directly related to the photon-pair production. In Appendix A we describe the time evolution of the Gaussian squeezed states in terms of the field variables.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Oct 1, 1987•44 citations

On the Possibility of Almost Complete Self-squeezing of Strong Electromagnetic Fields

R. Tanaś, S. Kielich

The propagation of quantized electromagnetic fields through optically isotropic media with cubic optical nonlinearity is considered. Analytical solutions are presented in closed form showing that the light field can emerge from the medium in a squeezed quantum state. A detailed numerical analysis of the results is performed and presented graphically. Over 90 per cent of the squeezing permitted by quantum-mechanical theory is achieved in this way. The dependence of the squeezing effect on the polarization state of the field and the nonlinear molecular parameters is also discussed.

Optica Acta International Journal of Optics•Jan 1, 1984•33 citations

Squeezed states in the semiclassical limit

Pavel S. Alekseev, Fedor V. Moroseev

A symplectically covariant quantum-mechanical uncertainty relation more accurate than previously known ones is derived for multidimensional systems. It is shown that the quantum-mechanical description of a linear Hamiltonian system in terms of squeezed states is completely equivalent to its description in terms of a phase-space distribution function. A new approach to the semiclassical limit is proposed, based on the use of squeezed states. By analyzing explicit formulas for squeezed states, a semiclassical asymptotic form of the solution to the Cauchy problem for a multidimensional Schrödinger equation is found in the limit of ħ → 0. The behavior of the semiclassical solution in the neighborhood of a caustic is analyzed in the one-dimensional case, and the phase shift across the caustic is determined. General properties and examples of squeezed states are discussed that point to the fundamental importance of squeezed states for developing a nonrelativistic quantum-mechanical description of a system of charged particles in an electromagnetic field in the dipole approximation.

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics•Apr 1, 2009•3 citations

Phase noise in quantum physics

Barry C. Sanders

The nature of phase noise in quantum optics is analyzed. In an experiment involving the measurement of the electromagnetic field the two quantities of interest are the energy and phase of the field. However, measurements of the quantities produce quantum fluctuations. The quantum fluctuations are regarded as noise in the treatment presented here. The quantum system is represented by a probability distribution, the Wigner function, and the quantum fluctuations are treated as stochastic noise associated with the quantity being measured. The difficulties of associating a quantum operator with the phase of the system are reviewed and the related energy-phase uncertainty relation is discussed. The alternate interpretation of the phase noise of a quantum system as being the classical phase noise of the Wigner function is presented. In particular the energy and phase noise of the vacuum state, the coherent state, the squeezed state and the squeezed vacuum are discussed in this way. The squeezed states of light are minimum uncertainty states with respect to the quadrature operators and exhibit noise of one quadrature below the noise level associated with the vacuum. The reduced noise level in one quadrature of the field underlies the importance of squeezed states in many practical applications where there is a need to reduce the quantum noise of one quadrature of coherent light. The periodic phase operator eliminates the difficulties associated with the multivalued nature of phase. The analysis of the vacuum and intense coherent state of Carruthers and Nieto by employing periodic phase operators is reviewed, particularly with respect to the energy-phase uncertainty relations and we generalize the approach to develop a phase operator analysis of the squeezed state in the intense field and vacuum limits. We demonstrate here for the first time that the phase operator is simply related to the phase of the squeezed state in the intense field limit and that the squeezed state is approximately an energy-phase minimum uncertainty state in the low-squeezing limit. Also we enlarge on previous work to demonstrate that the phase operator corresponds simply and unambiguously to the phase of the squeeze parameter for the strongly squeezed vacuum and the intensely squeezed vacuum is an energy-phase minimum uncertainty state for some values of phase. The occurrence of squeezing for the case of two coupled quantum oscillators is presented. The system consisting of one mode of the electromagnetic field coupled to a spinless nonrelativistic electron subjected to an harmonic potential is represented by two coupled harmonic oscillators. The dynamics are compared for the case that the rotating wave approximation is employed and for the case that the counter-rotating terms are included. These calculations have not been performed before. The parametric amplifier Hamiltonian with a nonresonant coupling is also studied in order to provide insight into the effects of the counter-rotating terms. Squeezing of the field produced by the electron is a consequence of the inclusion of the counter-rotating terms. The case of a spinless nonrelativistic electron subject to an harmonic potential and coupled to a continuum of electromagnetic field modes is also considered. The case of two coupled oscillators discussed above is generalized by replacing the oscillator which represents the single-mode field by a bath of oscillators. The effects of including counter-rotating terms and of ignoring the counter - rotating terms in the Hamiltonian are compared. The interaction is assumed to produce a frequency shift and an exponential damping term for the oscillating electron. The frequency shift is assumed to be small in either case and so the Wigner-Weisskopff approximation is employed to solve the equations of motion. We demonstrate the new results that dissipation-induced phase-dependent noise is a consequence of including the counter-rotating terms and that the noise is phase-independent for the case that the counterrotating terms are excluded. The relation between these results and recent work on quantum tunnelling in superconducting quantum interference devices is discussed. We conclude by suggesting further research related to the work in this thesis.

•Nov 1, 1987•0 citations

Coherence Properties of Optical Fields

L. Mandeļ, E. Wolf

This article presents a review of coherence properties of electromagnetic fields and their measurements, with special emphasis on the optical region of the spectrum. Analyses based on both the classical and quantum theories are described. After a brief historical introduction, the elementary concepts which are frequently employed in the discussion of interference phenomena are summarized. The measure of second-order coherence is then introduced in connection with the analysis of a simple interference experiment and some of the more important second-order coherence effects are studied. Their uses in stellar interferometry and interference spectroscopy are described. Analysis of partial polarization from the standpoint of correlation theory is also outlined. The general statistical description of the field is discussed in some detail. The recently discovered universal "diagonal" representation of the density operator for free fields is also considered and it is shown how, with the help of the associated generalized phase-space distribution function, the quantum-mechanical correlation functions may be expressed in the same form as the classical ones. The sections which follow deal with the statistical properties of thermal and nonthermal light, and with the temporal and spatial coherence of blackbody radiation. Later sections, dealing with fourth- and higher-order coherence effects include a discussion of the photoelectric detection process. Among the fourth-order effects described in detail are bunching phenomena, the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect and its application to astronomy. The article concludes with a discussion of various transient superposition effects, such as light beats and interference fringes produced by independent light beams.

Reviews of Modern Physics•Apr 1, 1965•1,174 citations
This article contains a review of an alternative theory of squeezing, based entirely on the wave function description of the squeezed states. Quantum field theoretic approach is used to describe the squeezing of the electromagnetic field in its most complete form that takes into account temporal and spatial characteristics of the squeezed state. An analog of the Wigner function for the full electromagnetic field is introduced and expressed in terms of second order correlation functions. The field-theoretic approach enables one to study the propagation of the ``squeezing wave'' in space-time. A simple example of weak squeezing, that allows for all calculations to be done analytically, is discussed in detail.
The propagation of quantized electromagnetic fields through optically isotropic media with cubic optical nonlinearity is considered. Analytical solutions are presented in closed form showing that the light field can emerge from the medium in a squeezed quantum state. A detailed numerical analysis of the results is performed and presented graphically. Over 90 per cent of the squeezing permitted by quantum-mechanical theory is achieved in this way. The dependence of the squeezing effect on the polarization state of the field and the nonlinear molecular parameters is also discussed.
A symplectically covariant quantum-mechanical uncertainty relation more accurate than previously known ones is derived for multidimensional systems. It is shown that the quantum-mechanical description of a linear Hamiltonian system in terms of squeezed states is completely equivalent to its description in terms of a phase-space distribution function. A new approach to the semiclassical limit is proposed, based on the use of squeezed states. By analyzing explicit formulas for squeezed states, a semiclassical asymptotic form of the solution to the Cauchy problem for a multidimensional Schrödinger equation is found in the limit of ħ → 0. The behavior of the semiclassical solution in the neighborhood of a caustic is analyzed in the one-dimensional case, and the phase shift across the caustic is determined. General properties and examples of squeezed states are discussed that point to the fundamental importance of squeezed states for developing a nonrelativistic quantum-mechanical description of a system of charged particles in an electromagnetic field in the dipole approximation.
The nature of phase noise in quantum optics is analyzed. In an experiment involving the measurement of the electromagnetic field the two quantities of interest are the energy and phase of the field. However, measurements of the quantities produce quantum fluctuations. The quantum fluctuations are regarded as noise in the treatment presented here. The quantum system is represented by a probability distribution, the Wigner function, and the quantum fluctuations are treated as stochastic noise associated with the quantity being measured. The difficulties of associating a quantum operator with the phase of the system are reviewed and the related energy-phase uncertainty relation is discussed. The alternate interpretation of the phase noise of a quantum system as being the classical phase noise of the Wigner function is presented. In particular the energy and phase noise of the vacuum state, the coherent state, the squeezed state and the squeezed vacuum are discussed in this way. The squeezed states of light are minimum uncertainty states with respect to the quadrature operators and exhibit noise of one quadrature below the noise level associated with the vacuum. The reduced noise level in one quadrature of the field underlies the importance of squeezed states in many practical applications where there is a need to reduce the quantum noise of one quadrature of coherent light. The periodic phase operator eliminates the difficulties associated with the multivalued nature of phase. The analysis of the vacuum and intense coherent state of Carruthers and Nieto by employing periodic phase operators is reviewed, particularly with respect to the energy-phase uncertainty relations and we generalize the approach to develop a phase operator analysis of the squeezed state in the intense field and vacuum limits. We demonstrate here for the first time that the phase operator is simply related to the phase of the squeezed state in the intense field limit and that the squeezed state is approximately an energy-phase minimum uncertainty state in the low-squeezing limit. Also we enlarge on previous work to demonstrate that the phase operator corresponds simply and unambiguously to the phase of the squeeze parameter for the strongly squeezed vacuum and the intensely squeezed vacuum is an energy-phase minimum uncertainty state for some values of phase. The occurrence of squeezing for the case of two coupled quantum oscillators is presented. The system consisting of one mode of the electromagnetic field coupled to a spinless nonrelativistic electron subjected to an harmonic potential is represented by two coupled harmonic oscillators. The dynamics are compared for the case that the rotating wave approximation is employed and for the case that the counter-rotating terms are included. These calculations have not been performed before. The parametric amplifier Hamiltonian with a nonresonant coupling is also studied in order to provide insight into the effects of the counter-rotating terms. Squeezing of the field produced by the electron is a consequence of the inclusion of the counter-rotating terms. The case of a spinless nonrelativistic electron subject to an harmonic potential and coupled to a continuum of electromagnetic field modes is also considered. The case of two coupled oscillators discussed above is generalized by replacing the oscillator which represents the single-mode field by a bath of oscillators. The effects of including counter-rotating terms and of ignoring the counter - rotating terms in the Hamiltonian are compared. The interaction is assumed to produce a frequency shift and an exponential damping term for the oscillating electron. The frequency shift is assumed to be small in either case and so the Wigner-Weisskopff approximation is employed to solve the equations of motion. We demonstrate the new results that dissipation-induced phase-dependent noise is a consequence of including the counter-rotating terms and that the noise is phase-independent for the case that the counterrotating terms are excluded. The relation between these results and recent work on quantum tunnelling in superconducting quantum interference devices is discussed. We conclude by suggesting further research related to the work in this thesis.
This article presents a review of coherence properties of electromagnetic fields and their measurements, with special emphasis on the optical region of the spectrum. Analyses based on both the classical and quantum theories are described. After a brief historical introduction, the elementary concepts which are frequently employed in the discussion of interference phenomena are summarized. The measure of second-order coherence is then introduced in connection with the analysis of a simple interference experiment and some of the more important second-order coherence effects are studied. Their uses in stellar interferometry and interference spectroscopy are described. Analysis of partial polarization from the standpoint of correlation theory is also outlined. The general statistical description of the field is discussed in some detail. The recently discovered universal "diagonal" representation of the density operator for free fields is also considered and it is shown how, with the help of the associated generalized phase-space distribution function, the quantum-mechanical correlation functions may be expressed in the same form as the classical ones. The sections which follow deal with the statistical properties of thermal and nonthermal light, and with the temporal and spatial coherence of blackbody radiation. Later sections, dealing with fourth- and higher-order coherence effects include a discussion of the photoelectric detection process. Among the fourth-order effects described in detail are bunching phenomena, the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect and its application to astronomy. The article concludes with a discussion of various transient superposition effects, such as light beats and interference fringes produced by independent light beams.