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arXiv:quant-ph/9804059

Skirting Hidden-Variable No-Go Theorems

Aloysius F. Kracklauer

Published Apr 24, 1998• 0 citations
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Abstract

It is observed that the proofs of hidden-variable no-go theorems depend on the `projection postulate,' which is seen to be contradictory with respect to spin operators in directions orthogonal to the magnetic field direction. In this light it is argued that it is less costly to abandon the projection postulate than to abandon locality and this in turn renders Hidden-Variable No-Go Theorems evadible. To buttress this point, a local realist model of the EPR experiment which ignores the constraints of the projection postulate is presented.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/9804059

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It is observed that the proofs of hidden-variable no-go theorems depend on the `projection postulate,' which is seen to be contradictory with respect to spin operators in directions orthogonal to the magnetic field direction. In this light it is argued that it is less costly to abandon the projection postulate than to abandon locality and this in turn renders Hidden-Variable No-Go Theorems evadible. To buttress this point, a local realist model of the EPR experiment which ignores the constraints of the projection postulate is presented.
The strongest attack against quantum mechanics came in 1935 in the form of a paper by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen. It was argued that the theory of quantum mechanics could not be called a complete theory of Nature, for every element of reality is not represented in the formalism as such. The authors then put forth a proposition: we must search for a theory where, upon knowing everything about the system, including possible hidden variables, one could make precise predictions concerning elements of reality. This project was ultimatly doomed in 1964 with the work of Bell Bell, who showed that the most general local hidden variable theory could not reproduce correlations that arise in quantum mechanics. There exist mainly three forms of no-go theorems for local hidden variable theories. Although almost every physicist knows the consequences of these no-go theorems, not every physicist is aware of the distinctions between the three or even their exact definitions. Thus we will discuss here the three principal forms of no-go theorems for local hidden variable theories of Nature. We will define Bell theorems, Bell theorems without inequalities and pseudo-telepathy. A discussion of the similarities and differences will follow. 1
Uncertainty about the actual orientation of the measurement device has been claimed to open a loophole for hidden variable models of quantum mechanics. In this paper I describe the statistics of inaccurate spin measurements by unsharp spin observables. A no-go theorem for hidden variable models of the inaccurate measurement statistics follows: There is a finite set of directions for which not all results of inaccurate spin measurements can be predetermined in a non-contextual way. In contrast to an earlier theorem (Breuer 2002) this result does not rely on the assigment of approximate truth values, and it holds under weaker assumptions on the measurement inaccuracy.
The strongest attack against quantum mechanics came in 1935 in the form of a paper by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen. It was argued that the theory of quantum mechanics could not be called a complete theory of Nature, for every element of reality is not represented in the formalism as such. The authors then put forth a proposition: we must search for a theory where, upon knowing everything about the system, including possible hidden variables, one could make precise predictions concerning elements of reality. This project was ultimately doomed in 1964 with the work of Bell, who showed that the most general local hidden variable theory could not reproduce correlations that arise in quantum mechanics. There exist mainly three forms of no-go theorems for local hidden variable theories. Although almost every physicist knows the consequences of these no-go theorems, not every physicist is aware of the distinctions between the three or even their exact definitions. Thus, we will discuss here the three principal forms of no-go theorems for local hidden variable theories of Nature. We will define Bell theorems, Bell theorems without inequalities, and pseudo-telepathy. A discussion of the similarities and differences will follow. PACS Nos.: 03.65.–w, 03.65.Ud, 03.65.Ta
Realism defined in EPR paper as “In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality.” Bell showed that there is a forbidden triangle (Realism, Quantum Statistics, and Locality), and we are only allowed to pick two out of three. In this thesis, we investigate other inequalities and no-go theorems that we face. We also discuss possible Hidden Variable Models that are tailored to be consistent with Quantum Mechanics and the specific no-go theorems. In the special case of the Leggett Inequality the proposed hidden variable is novel in the sense that the hidden variable is in the measurement device rather than the wave-function.
I present a local, deterministic model of the EPR-Bohm experiment, inspired by recent work by Joy Christian, that appears at first blush to be in tension with Bell-type theorems. I argue that the model ultimately fails to do what a hidden variable theory needs to do, but that it is interesting nonetheless because the way it fails helps clarify the scope and generality of Bell-type theorems. I formulate and prove a minor proposition that makes explicit how Bell-type theorems rule out models of the sort I describe here.