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arXiv:quant-ph/9710063

Open Quantum Systems, Entropy and Chaos

Hans-Thomas Elze

Published Oct 30, 1997• 4 citations
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Abstract

Entropy generation in quantum sytems is tied to the existence of a nonclassical environment (heat bath or other) with which the system interacts. The continuous `measuring' of the open system by its environment induces decoherence of its wave function and entropy increase. Examples of nonrelativistic quantum Brownian motion and of interacting scalar fields illustrate these general concepts. It is shown that the Hartree-Fock approximation around the bare classical limit can lead to spurious semiquantum chaos, which may affect the determination of entropy production and thermalization also in other cases.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/9710063

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Entropy generation in quantum sytems is tied to the existence of a nonclassical environment (heat bath or other) with which the system interacts. The continuous `measuring' of the open system by its environment induces decoherence of its wave function and entropy increase. Examples of nonrelativistic quantum Brownian motion and of interacting scalar fields illustrate these general concepts. It is shown that the Hartree-Fock approximation around the bare classical limit can lead to spurious semiquantum chaos, which may affect the determination of entropy production and thermalization also in other cases.
Entropy generation in quantum sytems is tied to the existence of a nonclassical environment (heat bath or other) with which the system interacts. The continuous `measuring' of the open system by its environment induces decoherence of its wave function and entropy increase. Examples of nonrelativistic quantum Brownian motion and of interacting scalar fields illustrate these general concepts. It is shown that the Hartree-Fock approximation around the bare classical limit can lead to spurious semiquantum chaos, which may affect the determination of entropy production and thermalization also in other cases.
Quantum wave function of a chaotic system spreads rapidly over distances on which the potential is significantly nonlinear. As a result, the effective force is no longer just a gradient of the potential, and predictions of classical and quantum dynamics begin to differ. We show how the interaction with the environment limits distances over which quantum coherence can persist, and therefore reconciles quantum dynamics with classical Hamiltonian chaos. The entropy production rate for such open chaotic systems exhibits a sharp transition between reversible and dissipative regimes, where it is set by the chaotic dynamics.
Quantum chaos, a phenomenon that began to be studied in the last century, still does not have a rigorous understanding. By virtue of the correspondence principle, the properties of the system that lead to chaotic dynamics at the classical level must also be present in the underlying quantum system. In the classical case, the exponential divergence of nearby trajectories in time is described in terms of the Lyapunov exponent. However, in the quantum case, a similar description of chaos is, strictly speaking, impossible due to the absence of trajectories. There are different approaches to remedy this situation, but the universal criterion of quantum chaos is absent. We propose a quantum chaos definition in a manner similar to the classical one using decoherent histories as a quantum analog of trajectories. For this purpose, we consider the model of an open quantum kicked top interacting with the environment, which is a bosonic bath, and illustrate this idea. Here, the environment plays the role of a trajectory-recording device. For the kicked-top model at the classical level, depending on the kick strength, crossover occurs between the integrable and chaotic regimes. We show that for such a model, the production of entropy of decoherent histories is radically different in integrable and chaotic regimes. Thus, the entropy of an ensemble of quantum trajectories can be used as a signature of quantum chaos.
The key ideas of the environment-induced decoherence approach are reviewed. Application of decoherence to the transition from quantum to classical in open quantum systems with chaotic classical analogs is described. The arrow of time is, in this context, a result of the information loss to the correlations with the environment. The asymptotic rate of entropy production (which is reached quickly, on the dynamical timescale) is independent of the details of the coupling of the quantum system to the environment, and is set by the Lyapunov exponents. We also briefly outline the existential interpretation of quantum mechanics, justifying the slogan ``No information without representation.``
We show that the rate of increase of von Neumann entropy computed from the reduced density matrix of an open quantum system is an excellent indicator of the dynamical behavior of its classical hamiltonian counterpart. In decohering quantum analogs of systems which exhibit classical hamiltonian chaos entropy production rate quickly tends to a constant which is given by the sum of the positive Lyapunov exponents, and falls off only as the system approaches equilibrium. By contrast, integrable systems tend to have entropy production rate which decreases as t^{-1} well before equilibrium is attained. Thus, behavior of quantum systems in contact with the environment can be used as a test to determine the nature of their hamiltonian evolution.