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arXiv:quant-ph/9708001 · Physical Review A

Collapse and revival of ultracold atoms in a microwave cavity and of photons in parametric down-conversion

Karl-Peter Marzlin, Jürgen Audretsch

Published Feb 1, 1998• 20 citations
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Abstract

We present a theoretical method to study a trapped gas of bosonic two-level atoms interacting with a single mode of a microwave cavity. This interaction is described by a trilinear Hamiltonian that is formally completely equivalent to the one describing parametric down-conversion in quantum optics. A system of differential equations describing the evolution, including the long-time behavior, of not only the mean value but also the variance of the number of excited atoms is derived and solved analytically. For different initial states the mean number of excited atoms exhibits periodically reappearing dips, with an accompanying peak in the variance, or fractional collapses and revivals. Closed expressions for the period and the revival time are obtained.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.57.1333

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We present a theoretical method to study a trapped gas of bosonic two-level atoms interacting with a single mode of a microwave cavity. This interaction is described by a trilinear Hamiltonian that is formally completely equivalent to the one describing parametric down-conversion in quantum optics. A system of differential equations describing the evolution, including the long-time behavior, of not only the mean value but also the variance of the number of excited atoms is derived and solved analytically. For different initial states the mean number of excited atoms exhibits periodically reappearing dips, with an accompanying peak in the variance, or fractional collapses and revivals. Closed expressions for the period and the revival time are obtained.
In an earlier paper, we considered a Hamiltonian trilinear in boson operators, which described several physical systems of interest such as interaction of NNN two-level atoms with a single-mode resonant radiation field, parametric amplification, frequency conversion, Raman and Brillouin scattering, etc. We found that the dynamics of the system can almost exactly be determined if either one of the three modes is strong for all times or any two modes are separately strong in two complementary time domains. In the present paper, we determine the statistical behavior of the system in each case. We give explicit results for a number of initial states (e.g., coherent, chaotic, a mixture of coherent and chaotic, number state, etc.) of the modes 1, 2, and 3.
We consider a trilinear Hamiltonian in boson operators describing various physical processes such as frequency conversion, Raman or Brillouin scattering, or the interaction of N two-level atoms with a single-mode radiation field. Due to the fact that two independent integrals of motion can be found, the solution of the dynamics of the system is reduced to the diagonalization of a finite matrix (as was already shown by Walls and Barakat [Phys. Rev. A 1, 446 (1970)]). Performing a numerical diagonalization, we analyze the statistical properties of the field modes (sub-Poissonian statistics, anticorrelation, squeezing). We also pay attention to the appearance of collapses and revivals in the mean photon number of the modes. The relation of this model to the model of two coupled modes with an intensity-dependent coupling constant is pointed out.
The interaction of a resonant radiation field with two-level atoms (in the long-wavelength limit) is described by a Hamiltonian trilinear in the boson operators. It is shown that the dynamics of the system can be determined nearly exactly if either at least one of the three modes is strongly populated for all times or any two modes are separately strong in two complementary time domains. Explicit results are given in two important specific cases: (i) pumping of a ground-state atomic system by a coherent radiation field and (ii) coherent spontaneous emission. The results are compared with previously known approximate results. Our results are also applicable to certain parametric processes such as parametric amplification, frequency conversion, Raman and Brillouin scattering, etc., where an identical trilinear Hamiltonian is used to describe these processes.
The collapse and revival of quantum states appear in diverse areas of physics. In quantum optics the occurrence of such a phenomena in the evolution of an atomic state, interacting with a light field initially in a coherent state, was predicted by using the Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM), and subsequently demonstrated experimentally. In this paper we revisit the JCM with the Monte-Carlo wave function approach and investigate the time evolution of the photon emission rate of the atom in a cavity. Analytical and numerical quantum trajectory calculations show that the cavity and the initial field statistics strongly influence the photon emission dynamics. A coherent field indeed gives rise to a collapse and revival behavior that mirrors atomic state evolution. However, there are differences between the two. The emission rate for a field in a Fock number state exhibits a sinusoidal oscillation, and there exists a quiescent period for a thermal field. These properties are quite different from those in free space. It is also shown that the fluctuation in photon emission is much less than that of the atomic population.