We prove by contradiction that any causal system-physical, biological or informational-must exhibit a strictly positive minimal response delay τ 0 > 0. Assuming τ 0 = 0 leads to three independent absurdities: (1) violation of the second law via a Maxwell's demon engine; (2) superluminal signaling breaching relativistic causality; and (3) reversible quantum decoherence contradicting the irreversibility of measurement.These jointly collapse modern physics, so τ 0 > 0 is a logical necessity, on par with the finiteness of the speed of light or nonzero Planck's constant.
Abstract The theory of causal Bayes nets [15, 19] is, from an empirical point of view, currently one of the most promising approaches to causation on the market. There are, however, counterexamples to its core axiom, the causal Markov condition. Probably the most serious of these counterexamples are EPR/B experiments in quantum mechanics (cf. [13, 23]). However, these are also the only counterexamples yet known from the quantum realm. One might therefore wonder whether they are the only phenomena in the quantum realm that create problems for causal Bayes nets. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that not only the phenomenon of quantum correlations in EPR/B experiments create problems for causal Bayes nets, but also the temporal evolution of quantum systems, which is described as dualistic by quantum mechanics. For this purpose, it is shown that single photon experiments in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) violate the causal Markov condition as well. It is then argued, however, that the Markov violation does not occur under the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation of Bohmian mechanics.