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arXiv:quant-ph/9607017

Peculiarities of Quantum Mechanics: Origins and Meaning

Yuri F. Orlov

Published Jul 19, 1996• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The most peculiar, specifically quantum, features of quantum mechanics --- quantum nonlocality, indeterminism, interference of probabilities, quantization, wave function collapse during measurement --- are explained on a logical-geometrical basis. It is shown that truths of logical statements about numerical values of quantum observables are quantum observables themselves and are represented in quantum mechanics by density matrices of pure states. Structurally, quantum mechanics is a result of applying non-Abelian symmetries to truth operators and their eigenvectors --- wave functions. Wave functions contain information about conditional truths of all possible logical statements about physical observables and their correlations in a given physical system. These correlations are logical, hence nonlocal, and exist when the system is not observed. We analyze the physical conditions and logical and decision-making operations involved in the phenomena of wave function collapse and unpredictability of the results of measurements. Consistent explanations of the Stern-Gerlach and EPR-Bohm experiments are presented."

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/9607017

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The main quantum phenomena-indeterminism and interference-are explained on a purely logical basis by extending classical mathematical logic. In this extension, statements are represented by Hermitian matrices that, it is postulated, can undergo unitary transformations of truth values (the principle of relativity of truth values). The formula for quantum probability is deduced. A new method of quantization is then introduced by the additional postulate that invariants of translations in some space can be described by statements represented by matrices that are invariants of the same translations in the same space. The formula p̂ = −ih∂/∂q is deduced (up to an unknown multiplicative constant). The connection between the existence of the continuum and the existence of quantum mechanics is demonstrated.
We show that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulates. The key concept of the theory is decoherence, which appears as an inherent characteristic of quantum mechanics and results from the uncertainty relation. In contrast to environment-induced decoherence, this decoherence exists prior to a measurement being made. To clarify our idea, we examine three elemental experiments: a Stern-Gerlach-like experiment, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPR-Bohm) experiment, and the double-slit experiment. By considering the first experiment, we explain how the uncertainty relation between position and momentum introduces decoherence prior to measurement. Consideration of the EPR-Bohm experiment leads us to conclude that the correlation of the EPR pair is not a consequence of what is known as the collapse of the wave function. Our theory of decoherence can also be applied to experiments with continuous eigenvalues, such as the double-slit experiment. Consideration of the double-slit experiment leads us to understand how pure quantum mechanics describes the fact that quanta behave as interfering particles.
We show that it is possible to explain the quantum measurement process within the framework of quantum mechanics without any additional postulates. The key concept of the theory is decoherence, which appears as an inherent characteristic of quantum mechanics and results from the uncertainty relation. In contrast to environment-induced decoherence, this decoherence exists prior to a measurement being made. To clarify our idea, we examine three elemental experiments: a Stern-Gerlach-like experiment, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPR-Bohm) experiment, and the double-slit experiment. By considering the first experiment, we explain how the uncertainty relation between position and momentum introduces decoherence prior to measurement. Consideration of the EPR-Bohm experiment leads us to conclude that the correlation of the EPR pair is not a consequence of what is known as the collapse of the wave function. Our theory of decoherence can also be applied to experiments with continuous eigenvalues, such as the double-slit experiment. Consideration of the double-slit experiment leads us to understand how pure quantum mechanics describes the fact that quanta behave as interfering particles.
Abstract Moving to more subtle experiments, we consider how the standard formulation of quantum mechanics predicts and explains interference phenomena. Tracking the conditions under which one observes interference phenomena leads to the notion of quantum decoherence. We see why one must sharply distinguish between collapse phenomena and decoherence phenomena on the standard formulation of quantum mechanics. While collapses explain determinate measurement records, environmental decoherence just produces more complex, entangled states where the physical systems involved lack ordinary physical properties. We characterize the quantum-mechanical wave function as both an element of a Hilbert space and a complex-valued function over a configuration space. We also discuss how the wave function is interpreted in the standard theory.
The quantumness of quantum mechanics is integrated by those properties and characteristics so unique to quantum mechanics that makes it an utterly extraordinary, and fascinating, branch of physics. And the beauty of it is that this quantumness has its origin in the very foundations of quantum physics built on experimental facts and thus they reflect the character of Nature itself. Indeterminacy , indistinguishability , nonlocality , uncertainty , and superposition are not the byproducts of some strange unverified theory but they are the characteristics of a brave experimentally based physics that has been verified by experiment time and time again. Add to this that most of the action in quantum physics takes place via probability amplitudes , that exist in a purely mathematical realm, and you have something superbly unique. Those are the elements that configure the quantumness of quantum mechanics, as discussed and described in this chapter.
We review our approach to quantum mechanics adding also some new interesting results. We start by giving proof of two important theorems on the existence of the and Clifford algebras. This last algebra gives proof of the von Neumann basic postulates on the quantum measurement explaining thus in an algebraic manner the wave function collapse postulated in standard quantum theory. In this manner we reach the objective to expose a self-consistent version of quantum mechanics. We give proof of the quantum like Heisenberg uncertainty relations, the phenomenon of quantum Mach Zender interference as well as quantum collapse in some cases of physical interest We also discuss the problem of time evolution of quantum systems as well as the changes in space location. We also give demonstration of the Kocken-Specher theorem, and also we give an algebraic formulation and explanation of the EPR . By using the same approach we also derive Bell inequalities. Our formulation is strongly based on the use of idempotents that are contained in Clifford algebra. Their counterpart in quantum mechanics is represented by the projection operators that are interpreted as logical statements, following the basic von Neumann results. Using the Clifford algebra we are able to invert such result. According to the results previously obtained by Orlov in 1994, we are able to give proof that quantum mechanics derives from logic. We show that indeterminism and quantum interference have their origin in the logic.