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arXiv:quant-ph/9508001 · Physical Review A

Jamming nonlocal quantum correlations

J. Grunhaus, Sandu Popescu, Daniel Rohrlich

Published Jun 1, 1996• 24 citations
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Abstract

We present a possible scheme to tamper with nonlocal quantum correlations in a way that is consistent with relativistic causality, but goes beyond quantum mechanics. A nonlocal ``jamming'' mechanism, operating within a certain space-time window, would not violate relativistic causality and would not lead to self-contradictory causal loops. The results presented in this paper do not depend on any model of how quantum correlations arise and apply to any jamming mechanism. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.53.3781

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We present a possible scheme to tamper with nonlocal quantum correlations in a way that is consistent with relativistic causality, but goes beyond quantum mechanics. A nonlocal ``jamming'' mechanism, operating within a certain space-time window, would not violate relativistic causality and would not lead to self-contradictory causal loops. The results presented in this paper do not depend on any model of how quantum correlations arise and apply to any jamming mechanism. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Quantum mechanics permits nonlocality---both nonlocal correlations and nonlocal equations of motion---while respecting relativistic causality. Is quantum mechanics the unique theory that reconciles nonlocality and causality? We consider two models, going beyond quantum mechanics, of nonlocality---``superquantum" correlations, and nonlocal ``jamming" of correlations---and derive new results for the jamming model. In one space dimension, jamming allows reversal of the sequence of cause and effect; in higher dimensions, however, effect never precedes cause.
The study of quantum correlations within relativistic spacetimes, and the consequences of relativistic causality on information processing using such correlations, has gained much attention in recent years. In this paper, we establish a unified framework in the form of operational no-signalling constraints to study both nonlocal and temporal correlations within general relativistic spacetimes. We explore several intriguing consequences arising from our framework. Firstly, we show that the violation of the operational no-signalling constraints in Minkowski spacetime implies either a logical paradox or an operational infringement of Poincaré symmetry. We thereby examine and subvert recent claims in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 110401 (2022)] on the possibility of witnessing operationally detectable causal loops in Minkowski spacetime. Secondly, we explore the possibility of jamming of nonlocal correlations, controverting a recent claim in [Nat. Comm. 16, 269 (2025)] that a physical mechanism for jamming would necessarily lead to superluminal signalling. Finally, we show that in black hole spacetimes certain nonlocal correlations under and across the event horizon can be jammed by any agent without spoiling the operational no-signalling constraints.
Relativistic causality in certain spacetime configurations permits jamming - superluminal causal influences that nevertheless do not enable superluminal signaling. We fully characterize the correlations compatible with relativistic causality (RC) by extending the operator framework of PRL 104, 140404. When the underlying state is required to be quantum, we prove that any nontrivial jamming - whether state-independent or state-dependent - necessarily leads to hidden superluminal signaling. Thus, the only consistent possibilities are standard quantum correlations without jamming or the full relativistically causal correlation set, with intermediate jamming extensions of quantum correlations leading to signaling. As an application of our characterization, we investigate the security of device-independent (DI) cryptographic primitives against adversaries constrained only by relativistic causality. We construct explicit RC attacks that break DI bit commitment and DI secret sharing in jamming geometries, even when these protocols remain secure against no-signaling adversaries. Our results show that security against relativistic adversaries requires behaviors to be specified together with the spacetime locations of their measurement events; input-output statistics alone are insufficient.
Quantum mechanics and relativistic causality together imply nonlocality: nonlocal correlations (that violate the CHSH inequality) and nonlocal equations of motion (the Aharonov-Bohm effect). Can we invert the logical order? We consider a conjecture that nonlocality and relativistic causality together imply quantum mechanics. We show that correlations preserving relativistic causality can violate the CHSH inequality more strongly than quantum correlations. Also, we describe nonlocal equations of motion, preserving relativistic causality, that do not arise in quantum mechanics. In these nonlocal equations of motion, an experimenter ``jams" nonlocal correlations between quantum systems.
This work introduces a theoretical framework for nonlocal hidden-variable models based on “complex jammers”, defined over a structured parameter space extending standard space–time. The framework is designed to explore whether hidden nonlocal mechanisms can modify quantum correlations while remaining consistent with relativistic causality and the no-signalling principle. A central result establishes that exact operational indistinguishability from quantum mechanics forces the effective dynamics to reduce to the identity channel. This implies that any hidden mechanism that is completely invisible at the level of observable statistics must be dynamically trivial. Prior to this regime, we show that admissible dynamics is already strongly constrained: it must preserve all local marginals and can only act on correlations. Beyond equilibrium, the framework predicts a restricted class of deviations from quantum mechanics. In particular, we derive a minimal geometric mechanism leading to anisotropic corrections of the form cos²(θ), arising from axial symmetry defined by the experimental configuration. These deviations induce measurable, orientation-dependent distortions in Bell-type correlations. An explicit two-qubit model is constructed, and angle-dependent CHSH bounds are obtained. The results define a concrete experimental program based on high-precision Bell tests, capable of probing structured deviations from standard quantum predictions. The work does not propose a complete dynamical hidden-variable theory, but rather a set of physically motivated constraints on possible nonlocal extensions of quantum mechanics, together with falsifiable signatures that can be tested with current experimental platforms.
We prove a no-go theorem for nonlocal jamming mechanisms under the spectral condition of relativistic quantum field theory. Modeling the action of a jammer as a modification of correlation functions subject to causal localization, we show that any such modification compatible with positive energy must vanish identically. The proof is based on Fourier-analytic arguments and the structure of distributions with spectral support in the forward light cone. In particular, the result follows from the incompatibility between causal support in spacetime and spectral support in momentum space, which forces triviality under mild regularity assumptions. This establishes that nonlocal jamming is impossible within any framework that preserves the spectral condition and causal localization. The result is independent of detailed analytic properties beyond those implied by positive energy. We also discuss a geometric interpretation of this obstruction in twistor space. In that setting, localized modifications correspond to cohomological data with restricted support, suggesting a form of global rigidity. This geometric formulation is presented as a conjectural extension and an open problem. The work connects foundational questions in quantum information (nonlocal correlations and jamming) with structural aspects of quantum field theory, highlighting the constraining role of spectral and analytic principles. This work is further developed in DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19713348, where a classification of hidden-variable extensions is established.