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arXiv:quant-ph/0703204

von Neumann-Landau equation for wave functions, wave-particle duality and collapses of wave functions

Zeqian Chen

Published Mar 22, 2007• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

It is shown that von Neumann-Landau equation for wave functions can present a mathematical formalism of motion of quantum mechanics. The wave functions of von Neumann-Landau equation for a single particle are `bipartite', in which the associated Schrödinger's wave functions correspond to those `bipartite' wave functions of product forms. This formalism establishes a mathematical expression of wave-particle duality and that von Neumann's entropy is a quantitative measure of complementarity between wave-like and particle-like behaviors. Furthermore, this extension of Schrödinger's form suggests that collapses of Schrödinger's wave functions can be regarded as the simultaneous transition of the particle from many levels to one.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0703204

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It is shown that von Neumann-Landau equation for wave functions can present a mathematical formalism of motion of quantum mechanics. The wave functions of von Neumann-Landau equation for a single particle are bipartite', in which the associated Schrödinger's wave functions correspond to those bipartite' wave functions of product forms. This formalism establishes a mathematical expression of wave-particle duality and that von Neumann's entropy is a quantitative measure of complementarity between wave-like and particle-like behaviors. Furthermore, this extension of Schrödinger's form suggests that collapses of Schrödinger's wave functions can be regarded as the simultaneous transition of the particle from many levels to one.
It is shown that `bipartite' wave functions can present a mathematical formalism of quantum theory for a single particle, in which the associated Schrödinger's wave functions correspond to those `bipartite' wave functions of product forms. This extension of Schrödinger's form establishes a mathematical expression of wave-particle duality and that von Neumann's entropy is a quantitative measure of complementarity between wave-like and particle-like behaviors. In particular, this formalism suggests that collapses of Schrödinger's wave functions can be regarded as the simultaneous transition of the particle from many levels to one. Our results shed considerable light on the basis of quantum mechanics, including quantum measurement.
An differential equation for wave functions is proposed, which is equivalent to Schrödinger's wave equation and can be used to determine energy-level gaps of quantum systems. Contrary to Schrödinger's wave equation, this equation is on `bipartite' wave functions. It is shown that those `bipartite' wave functions satisfy all the basic properties of Schrödinger's wave functions. Further, it is argued that `bipartite' wave functions can present a mathematical expression of wave-particle duality. This provides an alternative approach to the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics.
The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics is that the quantum particle in the course of evolution, as described by the linear Schrodinger equation, exists in all of its possible states, but in measuring, the particle is always detected in only one of its states. This property is called the "collapse of the wave function" and was formulated by Von Neumann as one of the postulates of quantum mechanics. However, it remains unclear at what point in time and under what laws this transition occurs. This article demonstrates that the collapse of the wave function may be due to the creation or annihilation of particles (quasi-particles). The processes of the creation or annihilation of particles play a key role in the measurements and are described on the basis of quantum field theory. The system of equations of quantum field theory of particles and fields is non-linear; as a result, the principle of superposition does not hold for the theory. The collapse of the wave function is a consequence of this non-linearity and occurs at the moment of creation (annihilation) of a particle. This result demonstrates that the wave function collapse can occur in both microscopic and macroscopic systems. Understanding the mechanisms of the collapse of the wave function can lead to the creation of microscopic devices involved in the calculations based on quantum computing.
It was Erwin Schrodinger who, in 1925, discovered an appropriate form of wave equation, making use of some deep formal analogies between optics and classical particle mechanics that had been evolved in the nineteenth century by W. R. Hamilton and others. There is all the accumulated evidence that the Schrodinger equations work; they provide the basis for a correct analysis of all kinds of molecular, atomic, and nuclear systems. The theoretical basis for the existence of states of discrete energies emerges more or less directly from the wave-particle duality; one of the most familiar features of classical wave behavior is that of standing waves. The quantum amplitudes for a particle in a bound state can be normalized. In order to make the statistical interpretation of the wave function more precise, we need to use the quantitative ideas of probability distributions.
It is proposed that the paradox of wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics may be resolved using a physical picture analogous to magnetic domains. Within this picture, a quantum particle represents a coherent region of a quantum wave with characteristic total energy, momentum, and spin. The dynamics of such a state are described by the usual linear quantum wave equations. But the coherence is maintained by a nonlinear self-interaction term that is evident only during transitions from one quantum state to another. This is analogous to the self-organizing property of domains in a ferromagnetic material, in which a single domain may appear as a stable macro-particle, but with rapid transitions between different domain configurations also possible. For the quantum case, this implies that the "collapse of the wave function" is a real dynamical physical process that occurs continuously in spacetime. This picture may also permit the resolution of apparent paradoxes associated with quantum measurement and entangled states.