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arXiv:quant-ph/0703130 · Physical Review A

Upper bound on our knowledge about noncommuting observables for a qubit system

Yuji Kurotani, Takahiro Sagawa, Masahito Ueda

Published Aug 22, 2007• 9 citations
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Abstract

A trade-off relation on our knowledge about two noncommuting observables of a qubit system in simultaneous measurement is formulated. The obtained inequality offers a quantitative information-theoretic representation of Bohr's principle of complementarity, and can be interpreted as a trade-off relation on the asymptotic accuracy of the maximum-likelihood estimation of the probability distributions of observables.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.76.022325

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A trade-off relation on our knowledge about two noncommuting observables of a qubit system in simultaneous measurement is formulated. The obtained inequality offers a quantitative information-theoretic representation of Bohr's principle of complementarity, and can be interpreted as a trade-off relation on the asymptotic accuracy of the maximum-likelihood estimation of the probability distributions of observables.
We formulate the accuracy of quantum measurement for a qubit system in terms of a 3 by 3 matrix.This matrix, which we refer to as the accuracy matrix, can be calculated from a POVM corresponding to the quantum measurement.Based on the accuracy matrix, we derive new trad▹0fftrad\triangleright 0fftrad▹0ff relations between the measurement accuracy of two or three noncommuting observables of a qubit system.These trade-off relations offer a quantitative information-theoretic representation of Bohr's principle of complementarity.We also show that the accuracy matrix is closely related to the maximum-likelihood estimation and the Fisher information matrix for a finite number of samples; the accuracy matrix tells us how accurately we can estimate the probability distributions of observables of an unknown state by quantum measurement.
We formulate the accuracy of a quantum measurement for a qubit (spin-1/2) system in terms of a $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3$ matrix. This matrix, which we refer to as the accuracy matrix, can be calculated from a positive operator-valued measure (POVM) corresponding to the quantum measurement. Based on the accuracy matrix, we derive trade-off relations between the measurement accuracy of two or three noncommuting observables of a qubit system. These trade-off relations offer a quantitative information-theoretic representation of Bohr's principle of complementarity. They can be interpreted as the uncertainty relations between measurement errors in simultaneous measurements and also as the trade-off relations between the measurement error and back-action of the measurement. A no-cloning inequality is derived from the trade-off relations. Furthermore, our formulation and the results obtained can be applied to analyze quantum-state tomography. We also show that the accuracy matrix is closely related to the maximum-likelihood estimation and the Fisher information matrix for a finite number of samples; the accuracy matrix tells us how accurately we can estimate the probability distributions of observables of an unknown state by a finite number of quantum measurements.
A limitation on simultaneous measurement of two arbitrary positive-operator-valued measures is discussed. In general, simultaneous measurement of two noncommutative observables is only approximately possible. Following Werner's formulation, we introduce a distance between observables to quantify an accuracy of measurement. We derive an inequality that relates the achievable accuracy with noncommutativity between two observables. As a byproduct a necessary condition for two positive-operator-valued measures to be simultaneously measurable is obtained.
Abstract Uncertainty relations in quantum mechanics express bounds on our ability to simultaneously obtain knowledge about expectation values of non-commuting observables of a quantum system. They quantify trade-offs in accuracy between complementary pieces of information about the system. In quantum multiparameter estimation, such trade-offs occur for the precision achievable for different parameters characterizing a density matrix: an uncertainty relation emerges between the achievable variances of the different estimators. This is in contrast to classical multiparameter estimation, where simultaneous optimal precision is attainable in the asymptotic limit. We study trade-off relations that follow from known tight bounds in quantum multiparameter estimation. We compute trade-off curves and surfaces from Cramér–Rao type bounds which provide a compelling graphical representation of the information encoded in such bounds, and argue that bounds on simultaneously achievable precision in quantum multiparameter estimation should be regarded as measurement uncertainty relations. From the state-dependent bounds on the expected cost in parameter estimation, we derive a state-independent uncertainty relation between the parameters of a qubit system.
Noncommuting observables cannot be simultaneously measured; however, under local hidden variable models, they must simultaneously hold premeasurement values, implying the existence of a joint probability distribution. We study the joint distributions of noncommuting observables on qubits, with possible criteria of positivity and the Fréchet bounds limiting the joint probabilities, concluding that the latter may be negative. We use symmetrization, justified heuristically and then more carefully via the Moyal characteristic function, to find the quantum operator corresponding to the product of noncommuting observables. This is then used to construct Quasi-Bell inequalities, Bell inequalities containing products of noncommuting observables, on two qubits. These inequalities place limits on the local hidden variable models that define joint probabilities for noncommuting observables. We find that the Quasi-Bell inequalities have a quantum to classical violation as high as 32 on two qubit, higher than conventional Bell inequalities. The result demonstrates the theoretical importance of noncommutativity in the nonlocality of quantum mechanics and provides an insightful generalization of Bell inequalities.
It is well known that noncommuting observables cannot be simultaneously measured in quantum theory. However, under hidden variable models, such observables must simultaneously hold premeasurement values. We study the joint distributions of noncommuting observables on qubits, with possible criteria of positivity and the Fr\'echet bounds, finding that the joint probabilities may be negative. We then use the symmetrization heuristic to find the quantum operator corresponding to the product of noncommuting observables. This is then used to construct generalized Bell inequalities with a quantum to classical violation of \frac{3}{2}. The result demonstrates the importance of noncommutativity in the nonclassicality of quantum mechanics. However, the additional symmetrization assumption makes its conclusions weaker than traditional Bell inequalities.