A remarkable feature of standard quantum mechanics is its analogy with classical fluid dynamics. This has motivated in the past efforts to formulate phase-space techniques based on various statistical models of quantum hydrodynamic equations. In this work an inverse kinetic theory for the Schr\"odinger equation has been constructed in order to formally describe the standard quantum dynamics by means of a classical dynamical system (to be denoted as phase-space Schr\"odinger dynamical system). It is shown that the inverse kinetic theory can be (non)uniquely determined under suitable mathematical prescriptions. In particular, when the quantum linear momentum is identified with a suitable linear kinetic momentum, it follows that the fluctuations of the position vector and the kinetic linear momentum satisfy identically the Heisenberg theorem.
A remarkable feature of standard quantum mechanics is its analogy with classical fluid dynamics. This has motivated in the past efforts to formulate phase-space techniques based on various statistical models of quantum hydrodynamic equations. In this work an inverse kinetic theory for the Schr"odinger equation has been constructed in order to formally describe the standard quantum dynamics by means of a classical dynamical system (to be denoted as phase-space Schr"odinger dynamical system). It is shown that the inverse kinetic theory can be (non)uniquely determined under suitable mathematical prescriptions. In particular, when the quantum linear momentum is identified with a suitable linear kinetic momentum, it follows that the fluctuations of the position vector and the kinetic linear momentum satisfy identically the Heisenberg theorem.
A striking feature of standard quantum mechanics (SQM) is its analogy with classical fluid dynamics. In particular it is well known the Schrödinger equation can be viewed as describing a classical compressible and non‐viscous fluid, described by two (quantum) fluid fields {ρ,V}, to be identified with the quantum probability density and velocity field. This feature has suggested the construction of a phase‐space hidden‐variable description based on a suitable inverse kinetic theory (IKT; Tessarotto et al., 2007). The discovery of this approach has potentially important consequences since it permits to identify the classical dynamical system which advances in time the quantum fluid fields. This type of approach, however requires the identification of additional fluid fields. These can be generally identified with suitable directional fluid temperatures TQM,i (for i = 1,2,3), to be related to the expectation values of momentum fluctuations appearing in the Heisenberg inequalities. Nevertheless the definition given previously for them (Tessarotto et al., 2007) is non‐unique. In this paper we intend to propose a criterion, based on the validity of a constant H‐theorem, which provides an unique definition for the quantum temperatures.
This paper is concerned with certain extensions of a formal technique devised by Wigner for handling problems in quantum-statistical mechanics, especially to problems in quantum-mechanical transport processes. The approach is to find the closest possible analogy between classical and quantum-statistical mechanics, so that the extensive work in classical statistical mechanics can be utilized. This analogy is attained with the Wigner distribution function, with which averages of dynamical variables in quantum mechanics may be calculated by integrations in phase space. We will first state some basic properties of distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics, and then state the corresponding properties of the density matrix in quantum mechanics. We will define and discuss the Wigner distribution function, show that it has the desired averaging properties, and obtain the analog of the Liouville equation satisfied by this function. We will derive the analog of the Liouville equation in reduced phase space, and then obtain the equations of hydro-dynamics from quantum-statistical mechanics.
Shortly after Schrödinger’s wave mechanics in terms of complex wave functions was published, Madelung formulated this theory in terms of two real hydrodynamic-like equations. This version is also the formal basis of Bohmian mechanics, albeit with a different ontological interpretation. A point of criticism raised by Pauli against Bohmian mechanics is its missing symmetry between position and momentum that is present in classical phase space as well as in the quantum mechanical position and momentum representations. Both Madelung’s quantum hydrodynamics formulation and Bohmian mechanics are usually expressed only in position space. Recently, with the use of complex quantities, we were able to provide a hydrodynamic formulation also in momentum space. In this paper, we extend this formalism to include dissipative systems with broken time-reversal symmetry. In classical Hamiltonian mechanics and conventional quantum mechanics, closed systems with reversible time-evolution are usually considered. Extending the discussion to include open systems with dissipation, another form of symmetry is broken, that under time-reversal. There are different ways of describing such systems; for instance, Langevin and Fokker–Planck-type equations are commonly used in classical physics. We now investigate how these aspects can be incorporated into our complex hydrodynamic description and what modifications occur in the corresponding equations, not only in position, but particularly in momentum space.
Close to equilibrium, a normal Bose or Fermi fluid can be
described by an exact kinetic equation whose kernel is nonlocal in space and time. The general expression derived for the kernel is evaluated to second order in the interparticle potential. The result is a wavevector- and frequency-dependent generalization of the linear
Uehling-Uhlenbeck kernel with the Born approximation cross section. The theory is formulated in terms of second-quantized phase space operators whose equilibrium averages are the n-particle Wigner distribution functions. Convenient expressions for the commutators and anticommutators of the phase space operators are obtained. The two-particle equilibrium distribution function is analyzed in terms of momentum-dependent quantum generalizations of the
classical pair distribution function h(k) and direct correlation function c(k). The kinetic equation is presented as the equation of motion of a two -particle correlation function, the phase space density-density anticommutator, and is derived by a formal closure of the quantum BBGKY hierarchy. An alternative derivation using a projection operator is also given. It is shown that the method used for approximating the kernel by a second order expansion preserves all the sum rules to the same order, and that the second-order kernel satisfies the appropriate positivity and symmetry conditions.
From the quantum kinetic equation of Bogoliubov, Gurov, Born, and Green, the equations of motion for macroscopic variables are examined in many different ways. First, in the configuration space a hierarchy of generalized fluid-dynamical equations can be obtained by taking the appropriate limits of the quantum kinetic equation. The resultant equations of continuity, of momentum, and of energy are similar in form to those one encounters in classical fluid dynamics with the exception of additional terms proportional to ${\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}$ Secondly, the quantum kinetic equation is examined in phase space. The same set of equations of continuity, of momentum, and of energy can be derived by taking the first three moments of the quantum kinetic equation. The exact results we obtained are utilized to form the starting point for many simplifying approximations for the investigation of the dynamics of quantum many-body systems such as the elastic response limit, the hydrodynamical limit, Landau's Fermi-liquid theory, and finally the time-dependent Hartree-Fock and the multideterminant time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximations. The fact that all these different dynamical descriptions can be traced to a common origin provides a unifying viewpoint to the present approach with the quantum kinetic equation.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Dynamics of nuclear fluid, quantum kinetic equation, and generalized fluid-dynamical equation. Elastic response, hydrodynamical limit, Landau's Fermi-liquid theory, time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation, and multideterminant time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation.
This thesis provides a detailed derivation of dissipative spin hydrodynamics from quantum field theory for systems composed of spin-0, spin-1/2, or spin-1 particles. The Wigner function formalism is introduced for quantum fields in the respective representations of the Poincaré group, and the conserved currents, i.e., the energy-momentum tensor and the total angular momentum tensor, in various so-called pseudogauges are derived. An expansion around the semiclassical limit in powers of the Planck constant is performed. Subsequently, kinetic equations are obtained for binary elastic scattering, using both the de Groot-van Leeuwen-van Weert and Kadanoff-Baym method, with the latter retaining the effect of quantum statistics. The resulting collision term features both local and nonlocal contributions, with the latter providing a relaxation mechanism for the spin degrees of freedom of the quasiparticles. The local-equilibrium distribution function is derived from the requirement that the local part of the collision term vanishes. From quantum kinetic theory, dissipative spin hydrodynamics is then constructed via the method of moments, extended to particles with spin. The system of moment equations is closed via the Inverse-Reynolds Dominance (IReD) approach, resulting in a set of equations of motion describing the evolution of both ideal and dissipative degrees of freedom. The application to polarization phenomena relevant to heavy-ion collisions is discussed.