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arXiv:quant-ph/0603184 · Physical Review A

Completely positive covariant two-qubit quantum processes and optimal quantum NOT operations for entangled qubit pairs

Jaroslav Novotný, G. Alber, Igor Jex

Published Jun 8, 2006• 3 citations
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Abstract

The structure is investigated of all completely positive quantum operations that transform pure two-qubit input states of a given degree of entanglement in a covariant way. Special cases thereof are quantum NOT operations which transform entangled pure two-qubit input states of a given degree of entanglement into orthogonal states in an optimal way. Based on our general analysis all covariant optimal two-qubit quantum NOT operations are determined. In particular, it is demonstrated that only in the case of maximally entangled input states can these quantum NOT operations be performed perfectly.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.73.062311

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The structure is investigated of all completely positive quantum operations that transform pure two-qubit input states of a given degree of entanglement in a covariant way. Special cases thereof are quantum NOT operations which transform entangled pure two-qubit input states of a given degree of entanglement into orthogonal states in an optimal way. Based on our general analysis all covariant optimal two-qubit quantum NOT operations are determined. In particular, it is demonstrated that only in the case of maximally entangled input states can these quantum NOT operations be performed perfectly.
A $2\ensuremath{\bigotimes}2$ unitary operation is called a perfect entangler if it can generate a maximally entangled state from some unentangled input. We study the following question: How many runs of a given two-qubit entangling unitary operation are required to simulate some perfect entangler with one-qubit unitary operations as free resources? We completely solve this problem by presenting an analytical formula for the optimal number of runs of the entangling operation. Our result reveals an entanglement strength of two-qubit unitary operations.
We introduce a class of quantum channels with correlations acting on pairs of qubits, where the correlation takes the form of a shift operator onto a maximally entangled state. We optimize the output purity and show that below a certain threshold the optimum is achieved by partially entangled states whose degree of entanglement increases monotonically with the correlation parameter. Above this threshold, the optimum is achieved by the maximally entangled state characterizing the shift. Although, a full analysis can only be done for the 2-norm, both numerical and heuristic arguments indicate that this behavior and the optimal inputs are independent of p>1p>1p>1 when the optimal output purity is measured using the ppp-norm.
We look for local unitary operators W1⊗W2W_1 \otimes W_2W1​⊗W2​ which would rotate all equally entangled two-qubit pure states by the same but arbitrary amount. It is shown that all two-qubit maximally entangled states can be rotated through the same but arbitrary amount by local unitary operators. But there is no local unitary operator which can rotate all equally entangled non-maximally entangled states by the same amount, unless it is unity. We have found the optimal sets of equally entangled non-maximally entangled states which can be rotated by the same but arbitrary amount via local unitary operators W1⊗W2W_1 \otimes W_2W1​⊗W2​, where at most one these two operators can be identity. In particular, when W1=W2=(i/2)(σx+σy)W_1 = W_2 = (i/\sqrt{2})(σ_x + σ_y)W1​=W2​=(i/2​)(σx​+σy​), we get the local quantum NOT operation. Interestingly, when we apply the one-sided local depolarizing map, we can rotate all equally entangled two-qubit pure states through the same amount. We extend our result for the case of three-qubit maximally entangled state.
Within the class of all possible universal (covariant) two-particle quantum processes in arbitrary dimensional Hilbert spaces those universal quantum processes are determined whose output states optimize the recently proposed entanglement measure of Vidal and Werner. It is demonstrated that these optimal entanglement processes belong to a one-parameter family of universal entanglement processes whose output states do not contain any separable components. It is shown that these optimal universal entanglement processes generate antisymmetric output states and, with the single exception of qubit systems, they preserve information about the initial input state.