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arXiv:quant-ph/0603171 · Physical Review A

Hardy’s criterion of nonlocality for mixed states

G. C. Ghirardi, Luca Marinatto

Published Mar 6, 2006• 12 citations
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Abstract

We generalize Hardy's proof of nonlocality to the case of bipartite mixed statistical operators, and we exhibit a necessary condition which has to be satisfied by any given mixed state $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in order that a local and realistic hidden variable model exists which accounts for the quantum mechanical predictions implied by $\ensuremath{\sigma}$. Failure of this condition will imply both the impossibility of any local explanation of certain joint probability distributions in terms of hidden variables and the nonseparability of the considered mixed statistical operator. Our result can be also used to determine the maximum amount of noise, arising from imperfect experimental implementations of the original Hardy's proof of nonlocality, in presence of which it is still possible to put into evidence the nonlocal features of certain mixed states.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.73.032102

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We generalize Hardy's proof of nonlocality to the case of bipartite mixed statistical operators, and we exhibit a necessary condition which has to be satisfied by any given mixed state \ensuremathσ\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremathσ in order that a local and realistic hidden variable model exists which accounts for the quantum mechanical predictions implied by \ensuremathσ\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremathσ. Failure of this condition will imply both the impossibility of any local explanation of certain joint probability distributions in terms of hidden variables and the nonseparability of the considered mixed statistical operator. Our result can be also used to determine the maximum amount of noise, arising from imperfect experimental implementations of the original Hardy's proof of nonlocality, in presence of which it is still possible to put into evidence the nonlocal features of certain mixed states.
We extend the validity of Hardy's nonlocality without inequalities proof to cover the case of special one-parameter classes of nonpure statistical operators. These mixed states are obtained by mixing the Hardy states with a completely chaotic noise or with a colored noise and they represent a realistic description of imperfect preparation processes of (pure) Hardy states in nonlocality experiments. Within such a framework we are able to exhibit a precise range of values of the parameter measuring the noise affecting the nonoptimal preparation of an arbitrary Hardy state, for which it is still possible to put into evidence genuine nonlocal effects. Equivalently, our work exhibits particular classes of bipartite mixed states whose constituents do not admit any local and deterministic hidden variable model reproducing the quantum mechanical predictions.
In this paper the failure of Hardy's nonlocality proof for the class of maximally entangled states is considered. A detailed analysis shows that the incompatibility of the Hardy equations for this class of states physically originates from the fact that the existence of quantum perfect correlations for the three pairs of two-valued observables (D_11,D_21), (D_11,D_22) and (D_12,D_21) [in the sense of having with certainty equal (different) readings for a joint measurement of any one of the pairs (D_11,D_21), (D_11,D_22), and (D_12,D_21)], necessarily entails perfect correlation for the pair of observables (D_12,D_22) [in the sense of having with certainty equal (different) readings for a joint measurement of the pair (D_12,D_22)]. Indeed, the set of these four perfect correlations is found to satisfy the CHSH inequality, and then no violations of local realism will arise for the maximally entangled state as far as the four observables D_ij, i,j = 1,2, are concerned. The connection between this fact and the impossibility for the quantum mechanical predictions to give the maximum possible theoretical violation of the CHSH inequality is pointed out. Moreover, it is generally proved that the fulfillment of all the Hardy nonlocality conditions necessarily entails a violation of the resulting CHSH inequality. The largest violation of this latter inequality is determined.
The conceptually puzzling features of quantum mechanics as a statistical theory all have their source in the impossibility of relating the probability assignments defined by the quantum state to distributions over determinate values of the physical magnitudes. While some interpretations of quantum mechanics, as well as “hidden variable” modifications of the theory, have proposed several constructions for assigning values to magnitudes (beyond the value assignments defined by the quantum state alone), a variety of theorems exist which impose severe restrictions on such theoretical constructions. This note will deal with Bell's proof (in [2]), that any hidden variable theory satisfying a physically reasonable locality condition is characterized by an inequality which is inconsistent with the quantum statistics. Bell's result has initiated a series of experiments designed to refute the entire class of local hidden variable theories. We show that Bell's inequality actually characterizes a feature of hidden variable theories which is much weaker than locality in the sense considered physically motivated.
We provide a streamlined proof of Hardy's theorem, that almost every entangled state for a pair of quantum particles admits a ``proof of nonlocality'' without inequalities. Moreover, our analysis covers a larger class of observables. Thus we also strengthen Hardy's assertion that the argument fails for maximally entangled states, such as the singlet state. At the same time, we formulate the argument in such a manner that the relations which must be satisfied for local hidden variables are entirely deterministic, making no reference whatsoever to probability, let alone probablistic inequalities.
It is well known that entangled quantum states are nonlocal: the corrrelations between local measurements carried out on these states cannot be reproduced by local hidden variable models. Svetlichny, followed by others, showed that multipartite quantum states are more nonlocal than bipartite ones in the sense that even some nonlocal classical models with (super-luminal) communication between some of the parties cannot reproduce the quantum correlations. Here we study in detail the kinds of nonlocality present in quantum states. More precisely, we enquire what kinds of classical communication patterns cannot reproduce quantum correlations. By studying the extremal points of the space of all multiparty probability distributions, in which all parties can make one of a pair of measurements each with two possible outcomes, we find a necessary condition for classical nonlocal models to reproduce the statistics of all quantum states. This condition extends and generalizes work of Svetlichny and others in which it was showed that a particular class of classical nonlocal models, the ``separable'' models, cannot reproduce the statistics of all multiparticle quantum states. Our condition shows that the nonlocality present in some entangled multiparticle quantum states is much stronger than previously thought. We also study the sufficiency of our condition.
Study of non-local correlations in terms of Hardy's argument has been quite popular in quantum mechanics. Hardy's non-locality argument depends on some kind of asymmetry, but a two-qubit maximally entangled state, being symmetric, does not exhibit this kind of non-locality. Here we ask the following question: can this feature be explained by some principle outside quantum mechanics? The no-signaling condition does not provide a solution. But, interestingly, the information causality principle (Pawlowski et al 2009 Nature 461 1101) offers an explanation. It shows that any generalized probability theory which gives completely random results for local dichotomic observable, cannot provide Hardy's non-local correlation if it is restricted by a necessary condition for respecting the information causality principle. In fact, the applied necessary condition imposes even more restrictions on the local randomness of measured observable. Still, there are some restrictions imposed by quantum mechanics that are not reproduced from the considered information causality condition.