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arXiv:quant-ph/0601058 · AIP conference proceedings

EPR Beams and Photon Number Detector: Toward Synthesizing Optical Nonlinearity

Masahide Sasaki

Published Jan 1, 2004• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present two kinds of experimental results. One is a continuous variable dense coding experiment, and the other is a photon number detector with high linearity response, the so called charge integration photon detector (CIPD). They can be combined together to be a potential tool for implementing the cubic phase gate which is an important gate element to synthesize the measurement induced nonlinearity for photonic quantum information processing.

DOI
10.1063/1.1834379

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We present two kinds of experimental results. One is a continuous variable dense coding experiment, and the other is a photon number detector with high linearity response, the so called charge integration photon detector (CIPD). They can be combined together to be a potential tool for implementing the cubic phase gate which is an important gate element to synthesize the measurement induced nonlinearity for photonic quantum information processing.
In optical quantum information technology, a photon number resolving detector (PNRD) is the basic device for developing photonic quantum computers. The demands for the PNRD are high quantum efficiency and wide dynamic range. We have developed a charge integration photon detector (CIPD) with a quantum efficiency of 80% at telecom wavelengths. The repetition rate of the CIPD is as low as 40 Hz at present, but it can be applied for measurement of short pulses. We report the capability of the CIPD for multiphoton counting over 10 photons, its responsivity to the short pulses, and its high linearity using a binary intensity modulated short pulse (2 ns) train and simultaneous irradiation of two kinds of pulses.
We present a charge integration photon detector (CIPD) that enables the efficient measurement of photon number states at the telecom-fiber wavelengths with a quantum efficiency of 80% and a resolution less than 0.5 electrons at 1Hz sampling. The CIPD consists of an InGaAs pin photodiode and a GaAs JFET in a charge integration amplifier, which is cooled to 4.2K to reduce thermal noise and leakage current. The charge integration amplifier exhibits a low noise level of 470nV∕Hz1∕2. The dark count is as low as 500electrons∕h.
Standard linear optical detectors have a maximum sensitivity in the few hundreds of photons range, limited by amplifier noise. On the other hand, single photon detectors, which are the most sensitive detectors, are strongly nonlinear: One or more photons result in the same output signal. Photon number resolving (PNR) detectors, which have the ability to discriminate the number of photons in a weak optical pulse, are of great importance in the field of quantum information processing and quantum cryptography. Moreover, a PNR detector with large dynamic range can cover the gap between these two detection modes. Such detectors are greatly desirable not only in quantum information science and technology, but also in any application dealing with low light levels. In this work, we propose a novel approach to photon number resolving detectors based on spatial multiplexing of nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors. In the proposed approach, N superconducting nanowires, each connected in parallel to an integrated resistor, are connected in series. Photon absorption in a nanowire switches its bias current to the parallel resistor, forming a voltage pulse across it. The sum of these voltages, proportional to the number of absorbed photons, is measured at the output. The use of a cryogenic preamplifier with high input impedance for the read-out increases the linearity, the signal to noise ratio, and the speed. With this combination, we expect to be able to count up to few tens of photons with high fidelity, excellent timing resolution, and very high sensitivity in the telecommunication wavelength range.
Quantum mechanics promises a much more powerful information-processing technology than is possible using classical physics. Photons offer one potentially important platform for encoding and manipulating information using the rules of quantum physics. In order to realize this potential, they must interact with each other, something that they are not normally inclined to do. However, as discussed in the Perspective by Walmsley and Raymer, it is possible using a combination of standard optical elements and detectors to synthesize an effective interaction provided all the photons used have identical properties. An important direction of current research is to develop sources of identical photons.
Highly efficient quantum dense coding for continuous variables has been experimentally accomplished by means of exploiting a bright Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) beam with anticorrelation of amplitude quadratures and correlation of phase quadratures. Two bits of classical information are encoded on two quadratures of a half of a bright EPR beam, then are simultaneously decoded by the other half of the EPR beam with the sensitivities beyond that of the shot noise limit. A high degree of immunity to unauthorized eavesdropping has been experimentally demonstrated.