We show that information gain in a qubit measurement is optimal under a Von Neumann measurement. For an initially mixed apparatus kept in touch with a qubit, the conditions for achieving the equality sign of Holevo bound on the information accessible to apparatus are derived. These constraints can be identified as the conditions for the optimization of information gain in a qubit measurement. At the end, we will generalize the idea to qudit measurements using a phase-shift gate.
We show that information gain in a qubit measurement is optimal under a Von Neumann measurement. For an initially mixed apparatus kept in touch with a qubit, the conditions for achieving the equality sign of Holevo bound on the information accessible to apparatus are derived. These constraints can be identified as the conditions for the optimization of information gain in a qubit measurement. At the end, we will generalize the idea to qudit measurements using a phase-shift gate.
The Holevo bound is a bound the mutual information for a given quantum encoding. In 1996 Schumacher, Westmoreland and Wootters [Schumacher, Westmoreland and Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3452 (1996)] derived a bound which reduces to the Holevo bound for complete measurements, but which is tighter for incomplete measurements. The most general quantum operations may be both incomplete and inefficient. Here we show that the bound derived by SWW can be further extended to obtain one which is yet again tighter for inefficient measurements. This allows us in addition to obtain a generalization of a bound derived by Hall, and to show that the average reduction in the von Neumann entropy during a quantum operation is concave in the initial state, for all quantum operations. This is a quantum version of the concavity of the mutual information. We also show that both this average entropy reduction, and the mutual information for pure state ensembles, are Schur-concave for unitarily covariant measurements; that is, for these measurements, information gain increases with initial uncertainty.
A measurement is deemed successful, if one can maximize the information gain by the measurement apparatus. Here, we ask if quantum coherence of the system imposes a limitation on the information gain during quantum measurement. First, we argue that the information gain in a quantum measurement is nothing but the coherent information or the distinct quantum information that one can send from the system to apparatus. We prove that the maximum information gain from a pure state, using a mixed apparatus is upper bounded by the initial coherence of the system. Further, we illustrate the measurement scenario in the presence of environment. We argue that the information gain is upper bounded by the entropy exchange between the system and the apparatus. Also, to maximize the information gain, both the initial coherence of the apparatus, and the final entanglement between the system and apparatus should be maximum. Moreover, we find that for a fixed amount of coherence in the final apparatus state, if it is more robust (less disturbance), then the information gain will be more.
In this article we show that the Holevo capacity of a classical quantum channel, can be reached not only by a POVM but by von Neumann measurement too. Furthermore we show two use of this fact 1) We can generalize the classical compound channel to quantum environment and with this new measure technique we can give an optimal coding/decoding algorithm to it. 2) We give an algorithm, with it a classical system can be decoded by quantum apparatus in linear time, which is a surprising result, because best known optimal classical decoding algorithm need n*log(n) time. This means that if a quantum machine can perform arbitrarily von Neumann measurement with only two possible outcome, then it can solve non-polynomial classical problems in linear time.
The Holevo bound is a bound on the mutual information for a given quantum encoding. In 1996 Schumacher, Westmoreland, and Wootters [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3452 (1996)] derived a bound that reduces to the Holevo bound for complete measurements, but that is tighter for incomplete measurements. The most general quantum operations may be both incomplete and inefficient. Here we show that the bound derived by SWW can be further extended to obtain one that is yet again tighter for inefficient measurements. This allows us, in addition, to obtain a generalization of a bound derived by Hall, and to show that the average reduction in the von Neumann entropy during a quantum operation is concave in the initial state, for all quantum operations. This is a quantum version of the concavity of the mutual information. We also show that both this average entropy reduction and the mutual information for pure state ensembles, are Schur concave for unitarily covariant measurements; that is, for these measurements, information gain increases with initial uncertainty.
We consider how the theory of optimal quantum measurements determines the maximum information available to the receiving party of a quantum key distribution (QKD) system employing linearly independent but non-orthogonal quantum states. Such a setting is characteristic of several practical QKD protocols. Due to non-orthogonality, the receiver is not able to discriminate unambiguously between the signals. To understand the fundamental limits that this imposes, the quantity of interest is the maximum mutual information between the transmitter (Alice) and the receiver, whether legitimate (Bob) or an eavesdropper (Eve). To find the optimal measurement we use a framework based on operator algebra and general results derived from singular value decomposition, achieving optimal solutions for von Neumann measurements and positive operator-valued measures (POVMs). The formal proof and quantitative analysis elaborated for two signals allow one to conclude that optimal von Neumann measurements are uniquely defined and provide a higher information gain compared to POVMs. Interestingly, collective measurements not only do not provide additional information gain with respect to individual ones, but also suffer from a gain reduction in the case of POVMs.
To maximize average information gain for a classical measurement, all outcomes of an observation must be equally likely.The condition of equally likely outcomes may be enforced in quantum theory by ensuring that the system's state is maximally different, or complementary, to the measured observable.This requires the ability to perform unitary operations on the state, conditioned on the results of prior measurements.We consider the case of measurement of a component of angular momentum for a qudit (a D-dimensional system, with D ¼ 2J þ 1, where J is the total angular momentum).For weak or continuous-in-time (i.e., repeated weak) measurements, we show that the complementarity condition ensures an average improvement in the rate of purification of only 2. However, we show that, by choosing the locally optimal control protocol of this type, one can attain the best possible scaling, OðD 2 Þ, for the average improvement.For this protocol, the acquisition of information is nearly deterministic.Finally, we contrast these results with those for complementarity-based protocols in a register of qubits.