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arXiv:quant-ph/0510176

Bayesian prediction of the Gaussian states from n sample

Fuyuhiko Tanaka, Fumiyasu Komaki

Published Oct 23, 2005• 1 citation
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Abstract

Recently quantum prediction problem was proposed in the Bayesian framework. It is shown that Bayesian predictive density operators are the best predictive density operators when we evaluate them by using the average relative entropy based on a prior.As an illustrative example, we treat the Gaussian states family adopting the Gaussian distribution as a prior and give the Bayesian predictive density operator with the heterodyne measurement fixed. We show that it is better than the plug-in predictive density operator based on the maximum likelihood estimate by calculating each average relative entropy.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0510176

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Recently quantum prediction problem was proposed in the Bayesian framework. It is shown that Bayesian predictive density operators are the best predictive density operators when we evaluate them by using the average relative entropy based on a prior.As an illustrative example, we treat the Gaussian states family adopting the Gaussian distribution as a prior and give the Bayesian predictive density operator with the heterodyne measurement fixed. We show that it is better than the plug-in predictive density operator based on the maximum likelihood estimate by calculating each average relative entropy.
Recently the quantum Bayesian prediction problem was formulated by Tanaka and Komaki (2005). It is shown that Bayesian predictive density operators are the best predictive density operators when we evaluate them by using the averaged quantum relative entropy based on a prior distribution. In the present paper, we adopt the quantum alpha-divergence as a wider class of loss function. The generalized Bayesian predictive density operator is defined and shown to be best among all the estimates of the unknown density operator.
Quantum state estimation has been widely investigated and there are mainly two approaches proposed: One is based on the point estimation of an unknown parameter and the other is based on the Bayesian method. We adopt the relative entropy from the true state to a predictive density operator as a loss function. We consider exchangeable quantum models with an arbitrary chosen measurement and show that Bayesian predictive density operators are the best predictive density operators when we evaluate them by using the average relative entropy based on a prior. This result is a quantum version of Aitchison's result in classical statistics.
We present a Bayesian approach to the problem of estimating density matrices in quantum state tomography. A general framework is presented based on a suitable mathematical formulation, where a study of the convergence of the Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm is given, including a comparison with other estimation methods, such as maximum likelihood estimation and linear inversion. This analysis indicates that our approach not only recovers the underlying parameters quite properly, but also produces physically acceptable punctual and interval estimates. A prior sensitive study was conducted indicating that when useful prior information is available and incorporated, more accurate results are obtained. This general framework, which is based on a reparameterization of the model, allows an easier choice of the prior and proposal distributions for the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.
Bayesian quantum estimation provides a robust formalism for quantum technologies, particularly in scenarios with limited data and minimal prior information. Yet, its application to continuous-variable systems has remained limited and largely numerical due to the difficulty of the underlying parameter integrals. Here, we introduce a variational framework that restricts the optimisation over all measurements and estimators to a finite-dimensional subspace, reducing the problem to a linear system of equations with closed-form solutions. These solutions have a geometric interpretation as orthogonal projections of the global optimum onto the chosen subspace. For Gaussian states, a natural subspace is spanned by operators polynomial in the canonical quadratures, whose moments are computable from the first and second moments of the state. We further derive a necessary and sufficient condition for global optimality, and show that post-processing with the posterior mean, rather than using the estimator obtained from the subspace, improves performance towards the global optimum. Through single-shot examples, we show that the framework yields experimentally feasible strategies based on Gaussian operations and quadrature measurements that are either optimal or near-optimal.
Gibbs states are familiar from statistical mechanics, yet their use is not limited to that domain. For instance, they also feature in the maximum entropy reconstruction of quantum states from incomplete measurement data. Outside the macroscopic realm, however, estimating a Gibbs state is a nontrivial inference task, due to two complicating factors: the proper set of relevant observables might not be evident a priori; and whenever data are gathered from a small sample only, the best estimate for the Lagrange parameters is invariably affected by the experimenter's prior bias. I show how the two issues can be tackled with the help of Bayesian model selection and Bayesian interpolation, respectively, and illustrate the use of these Bayesian techniques with a number of simple examples.