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arXiv:quant-ph/0508089 · Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Generic short-time propagation of sharp-boundaries wave packets

Er’el Granot, Avi Marchewka

Published Oct 4, 2005• 39 citations
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Abstract

A general solution to the "shutter" problem is presented. The propagation of an arbitrary initially bounded wave function is investigated, and the general solution for any such function is formulated. It is shown that the exact solution can be written as an expression that depends only on the values of the function (and its derivatives) at the boundaries. In particular, it is shown that at short times ( t << 2 mx 2 /ℏ, where x is the distance to the boundaries) the wave function propagation depends only on the wave function's values (or its derivatives) at the boundaries of the region. Finally, we generalize these findings to a non-singular wave function ( i.e. , for wave packets with finite-width boundaries) and suggest an experimental verification.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2005-10264-2

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A general solution to the "shutter" problem is presented. The propagation of an arbitrary initially bounded wave function is investigated, and the general solution for any such function is formulated. It is shown that the exact solution can be written as an expression that depends only on the values of the function (and its derivatives) at the boundaries. In particular, it is shown that at short times ( t << 2 mx 2 /ℏ, where x is the distance to the boundaries) the wave function propagation depends only on the wave function's values (or its derivatives) at the boundaries of the region. Finally, we generalize these findings to a non-singular wave function ( i.e. , for wave packets with finite-width boundaries) and suggest an experimental verification.
A generic formalism for the propagation of a pulse with sharp boundaries in any linear medium is derived. It is shown that such a pulse experiences generic deformations. For any given linear medium, the pulse deformation is expressed as a generic differential operator, which characterizes the medium and which operates on the pulse at the singular points (the sharp boundaries). The theory is then applied to a Fabry–Perot etalon and to dispersive media with second order dispersion, third order dispersion, and a combination of both. Simple approximate expressions are also derived for a relatively short, i.e., low dispersive, medium and compared with exact numerical solutions.
The quantum-shutter approach to tunneling time scales [G. Garc\'{\i}a-Calder\'on and A. Rubio, Phys. Rev. A 55, 3361 (1997)], which uses a cutoff plane wave as the initial condition, is extended to consider certain type of wave packet initial conditions. An analytical expression for the time-evolved wave function is derived. The time-domain resonance, the peaked structure of the probability density (as the function of time) at the exit of the barrier, originally found with the cutoff plane wave initial condition, is studied with the wave packet initial conditions. It is found that the time-domain resonance is not very sensitive to the width of the packet when the transmission process occurs in the tunneling regime.
In this paper we reexamine, and analyze solutions to, the recently derived time-independent wave packet-Schrödinger (TIWS) and time-independent wave packet-Lippmann–Schwinger (TIWLS) equations. These equations are so named because they are inhomogeneous, with the inhomogeneity being the initial L2 wave packet from an underlying time-dependent treatment of the dynamics. We explicitly show that a particular solution of the homogeneous Schrödinger equation can be constructed out of two particular solutions of the inhomogeneous TIW equation satisfying causal and anticausal boundary conditions. The structure of this solution of the homogeneous equation is shown to depend sensitively on the nature of the initial wave packet inhomogeneity, but, as we demonstrate, correct scattering information can be obtained even when the initial wave packet is nonzero only in the target region. It thus becomes possible to carry out quantum scattering calculations in which one need not propagate the wave packet from the noninteracting to the interacting region. The method is illustrated by calculations for two 1-D scattering problems, namely the transmission of an electron through a single barrier and through a double barrier. The latter is especially challenging because of the occurrence of long-lived resonances with the electron trapped inside the double barrier. In addition, we show that the method can still make use of absorbing potentials to decrease grid size, and we show how the formalism can be used to treat inelastic and reactive scattering, and radial scattering variables, thereby constituting a general approach to time-independent wave packet quantum scattering.
The Schrödinger evolution of an initially singular wave function was investigated. First it was shown that a wide range of physical problems can be described by initially singular wave function. Then it was demonstrated that outside the support of the initial wave function the time evolution is governed to leading order by the values of the wave function and its derivatives at the singular points. Short-time universality appears where it depends only on a single parameter—the value at the singular point (not even on its derivatives). It was also demonstrated that the short-time evolution in the presence of an absorptive potential is different than in the presence of a nonabsorptive one. Therefore, this dynamics can be harnessed to the determination whether a potential is absorptive or not simply by measuring only the transmitted particles density.
We consider time-dependent Gaussian wave packet solutions of the Schrödinger equation, with arbitrary initial central position, x 0 , and momentum, p 0 , for an otherwise free particle, but with an infinite wall at x = 0, so-called bouncing wave packets . We show how difference or mirror solutions of the form ψ( x , t ) − ψ(− x , t ) can, in this case, be normalized exactly, allowing for the evaluation of a number of time-dependent expectation values and other quantities in closed form. For example, we calculate ⟨ p 2 ⟩ t explicitly which illustrates how the free-particle kinetic (and hence total energy) is affected by the presence of the distant boundary. We also discuss the time dependence of the expectation values of position, ⟨ x ⟩ t , and momentum, ⟨ p ⟩ t , and their relation to the impulsive force during the `collision' with the wall. Finally, the x 0 , p 0 → 0 limit is shown to reduce a special case of a non-standard free-particle Gaussian solution. The addition of this example to the literature then expands of the relatively small number of Gaussian solutions to quantum mechanical problems with familiar classical analogs (free particle, uniform acceleration, harmonic oscillator, unstable oscillator, and uniform magnetic field) available in closed form.