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arXiv:quant-ph/0503148 · Physical Review A

Cloning quantum entanglement in arbitrary dimensions

Evgueni Karpov, Patrick Navez, Nicolas J. Cerf

Published Oct 12, 2005• 22 citations
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Abstract

We have found a quantum cloning machine that optimally duplicates the entanglement of a pair of $d$-dimensional quantum systems prepared in an arbitrary isotropic state. It maximizes the entanglement of formation contained in the two copies of any maximally entangled input state, while preserving the separability of unentangled input states. Moreover, it cannot increase the entanglement of formation of isotropic states. For large $d$, the entanglement of formation of each clone tends to one-half the entanglement of the input state, which corresponds to a classical behavior. Finally, we investigate a local entanglement cloner, which yields entangled clones with one-fourth the input entanglement in the large-$d$ limit.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.042314

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We have found a quantum cloning machine that optimally duplicates the entanglement of a pair of ddd-dimensional quantum systems prepared in an arbitrary isotropic state. It maximizes the entanglement of formation contained in the two copies of any maximally entangled input state, while preserving the separability of unentangled input states. Moreover, it cannot increase the entanglement of formation of isotropic states. For large ddd, the entanglement of formation of each clone tends to one-half the entanglement of the input state, which corresponds to a classical behavior. Finally, we investigate a local entanglement cloner, which yields entangled clones with one-fourth the input entanglement in the large-ddd limit.
It is shown that any quantum operation that perfectly clones the entanglement of all maximally entangled qubit pairs cannot preserve separability. This ``entanglement no-cloning'' principle naturally suggests that some approximate cloning of entanglement is nevertheless allowed by quantum mechanics. We investigate a separability-preserving optimal cloning machine that duplicates all maximally entangled states of two qubits, resulting in 0.285 bits of entanglement per clone, while a local cloning machine only yields 0.060 bits of entanglement per clone.
We consider the quantum cloning of continuous variable entangled states. This is achieved by introducing two symmetric entanglement cloning machines (or eee-cloners): a local eee-cloner and a global eee-cloner; where we look at the preservation of entanglement in the clones under the condition that the fidelity of the clones is maximized. These cloning machines are implemented using simple linear optical elements such as beam splitters and homodyne detection along with squeeze gates. We show that the global eee-cloner out-performs the local eee-cloner both in terms of the fidelity of the cloned states as well as the strength of the entanglement of the clones. There is a minimum strength of entanglement (3 dB using the inseparability criterion) of the input state of the global eee-cloner that is required to preserve the entanglement in the clones.
Due to the axioms of quantum mechanics, perfect cloning of an unknown quantum state is impossible. But since imperfect cloning is still possible, a question arises: ``Is there an optimal quantum cloning machine?'' Buzek and Hillery answered this question and constructed their famous B-H quantum cloning machine. The B-H machine clones the state of an arbitrary single qubit in an optimal manner and hence it is universal. Generalizing this machine for a two-qubit system is straightforward, but during this procedure, except for product states, this machine loses its universality and becomes a state-dependent cloning machine. In this paper, we propose some classes of optimal universal local quantum state cloners for a particular class of two-qubit systems, more precisely, for a class of states with known Schmidt basis. We then extend our machine to the case that the Schmidt basis of the input state is deviated from the local computational basis of the machine. We show that more local quantum coherence existing in the input state corresponds to less fidelity between the input and output states. Also we present two classes of a state-dependent local quantum copying machine. Furthermore, we investigate local broadcasting of two aspects of quantum correlations, i.e., quantum entanglement and quantum discord, defined, respectively, within the entanglement-separability paradigm and from an information-theoretic perspective. The results show that although quantum correlation is, in general, very fragile during the broadcasting procedure, quantum discord is broadcasted more robustly than quantum entanglement.
Optimal quantum cloning is the process of making one or more copies of an arbitrary unknown input quantum state with the highest possible fidelity. All reported demonstrations of quantum cloning have so far been limited to copying two-dimensional quantum states, or qubits. We report the experimental realization of the optimal quantum cloning of four-dimensional quantum states, or ququarts, encoded in the polarization and orbital angular momentum degrees of freedom of photons. Our procedure, based on the symmetrization method, is also shown to be generally applicable to quantum states of arbitrarily high dimension-or qudits-and to be scalable to an arbitrary number of copies, in all cases remaining optimal. Furthermore, we report the bosonic coalescence of two single-particle entangled states.
We investigate the class of quantum cloning machines that equally duplicate all real states in a Hilbert space of arbitrary dimension. By using the no-signaling condition, namely, that cloning cannot make superluminal communication possible, we derive an upper bound on the fidelity of this class of quantum cloning machines. Then, for each dimension d, we construct an optimal symmetric cloner whose fidelity saturates this bound. Similar calculations can also be performed in order to recover the fidelity of the optimal universal cloner in d dimensions.