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arXiv:quant-ph/0501036 · Physical Review A

Experimental construction of optical multiqubit cluster states from Bell states

An‐Ning Zhang, Chao‐Yang Lu, Xiaoqi Zhou, Yu-Ao Chen, Zhi Zhao, Tao Yang, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Feb 17, 2006• 65 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Cluster states serve as the central physical resource for one-way quantum computing. We here present an experimental demonstration of the efficient cluster-state construction scheme proposed by Browne and Rudolph. In our experiment, three-photon cluster states with high purity are created from two Bell states via a qubit ``fusion'' operation, showing a strong violation of a three-particle Mermin inequality of $\ensuremath{\mid}⟨A⟩\ensuremath{\mid}=3.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. In addition, the entanglement properties of the cluster states are examined under ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{z}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{x}$ measurements on a qubit. This scheme could be extended to any desired number of qubits and represents an essential step for the optical one-way quantum computation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.73.022330

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Cluster states serve as the central physical resource for one-way quantum computing. We here present an experimental demonstration of the efficient cluster-state construction scheme proposed by Browne and Rudolph. In our experiment, three-photon cluster states with high purity are created from two Bell states via a qubit ``fusion'' operation, showing a strong violation of a three-particle Mermin inequality of \ensuremath∣⟨A⟩\ensuremath∣=3.10\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.03\ensuremath{\mid}⟨A⟩\ensuremath{\mid}=3.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\ensuremath∣⟨A⟩\ensuremath∣=3.10\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.03. In addition, the entanglement properties of the cluster states are examined under \ensuremathσz{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{z}\ensuremathσz​ and \ensuremathσx{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{x}\ensuremathσx​ measurements on a qubit. This scheme could be extended to any desired number of qubits and represents an essential step for the optical one-way quantum computation.
We report an experimental realization of one-way quantum computing on a two-photon four-qubit cluster state. This is accomplished by developing a two-photon cluster state source entangled both in polarization and spatial modes. With this special source, we implemented a highly efficient Grover's search algorithm and high-fidelity two-qubit quantum gates. Our experiment demonstrates that such cluster states could serve as an ideal source and a building block for rapid and precise optical quantum computation.
Cluster states, a specific class of multi-partite entangled states, are of particular importance for quantum science, as such systems are equivalent to the realization of one-way (or measurement-based) quantum computers [1]. In this scheme, algorithms are implemented through high-fidelity measurements on the parties of the state [2]. While two-level (i.e. qubit) cluster states have been realized so far, increasing the number of particles to boost the computational resource comes at the price of significantly reduced coherence time and detection rates, as well as increased sensitivity to noise, restricting the realization of discrete cluster states to a record of eight qubits. In contrast, the demonstration of d-level (i.e. qudit) cluster states has the potential to i) increase quantum resources without modifying the number of particles; ii) enable the implementation of highly efficient computational protocols; iii) reduce the noise sensitivity of the states. Up till now, the realization of discrete d-level cluster states has not been shown in any quantum platform. We here demonstrate the realization of d-level cluster states, perform d-level one-way quantum processing operations on the states, and show that higher-dimensional forms of cluster states are more noise tolerant than lower dimensional realizations.
We experimentally demonstrate a simple scheme for generating a four-photon entangled cluster state with fidelity over 0.860+/-0.015. We show that the fidelity is high enough to guarantee that the produced state is distinguished from Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, W, and Dicke types of genuine four-qubit entanglement. We also demonstrate basic operations of one-way quantum computing using the produced state and show that the output state fidelities surpass classical bounds, which indicates that the entanglement in the produced state essentially contributes to the quantum operation.
Large and complex optical quantum states are a key resource for fundamental science and applications such as quantum communications, information processing, and metrology. In this context, cluster states are a particularly important class because they enable the realization of universal quantum computers by means of the so-called `one-way' scheme, where processing operations are performed through measurements on the state. While two-level (i.e. qubit) cluster states have been realized thus far, further boosting this computational resource by increasing the number of particles comes at the price of significantly reduced coherence time and detection rates, as well as increased sensitivity to noise. In contrast, the realization of d-level (with d > 2) cluster states offers the possibility to increase quantum resources without changing the number of particles, enables the implementation of efficient computational protocols, as well as coincides with a reduction in the noise sensitivity of the states. Here, we experimentally realize, characterize, and perform one-way processing operations on three-level, four-partite cluster states formed by two photons in the time and frequency domain. We make use of a unique approach based on integrated photonic chips and optical fiber communications components, enabling scalable, deterministic new functionalities.