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arXiv:quant-ph/0410123 · Physical Review Letters

Fault-Tolerant Quantum Communication Based on Solid-State Photon Emitters

Lilian Childress, Jacob M. Taylor, Anders Søndberg Sørensen, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Feb 23, 2006• 357 citations
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Abstract

We describe a novel protocol for a quantum repeater that enables long-distance quantum communication through realistic, lossy photonic channels. Contrary to previous proposals, our protocol incorporates active purification of arbitrary errors at each step of the protocol using only two qubits at each repeater station. Because of these minimal physical requirements, the present protocol can be realized in simple physical systems such as solid-state single photon emitters. As an example, we show how nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond can be used to implement the protocol, using the nuclear and electronic spin to form the two qubits.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.96.070504

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We describe a novel protocol for a quantum repeater that enables long-distance quantum communication through realistic, lossy photonic channels. Contrary to previous proposals, our protocol incorporates active purification of arbitrary errors at each step of the protocol using only two qubits at each repeater station. Because of these minimal physical requirements, the present protocol can be realized in simple physical systems such as solid-state single photon emitters. As an example, we show how nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond can be used to implement the protocol, using the nuclear and electronic spin to form the two qubits.
We analyze a method that uses fixed, minimal physical resources to achieve generation and nested purification of quantum entanglement for quantum communication over arbitrarily long distances and discuss its implementation using realistic photon emitters and photonic channels. In this method, we use single-photon emitters with two internal degrees of freedom formed by an electron spin and a nuclear spin to build intermediate nodes in a quantum channel. State-selective fluorescence is used for probablistic entanglement generation between electron spins in adjacent nodes. We analyze in detail several approaches which are applicable to realistic, homogeneously broadened single-photon emitters. Furthermore, the coupled electron and nuclear spins can be used to efficiently implement entanglement swapping and purification. We show that these techniques can be combined to generate high-fidelity entanglement over arbitrarily long distances. We present a specific protocol that functions in polynomial time and tolerates percent-level errors in entanglement fidelity and local operations. The scheme has the lowest requirements on physical resources of any current scheme for fully fault-tolerant quantum repeaters.
We investigate a hybrid entanglement distribution protocol based upon nitrogen vacancy centers and microtoroid resonators. The protocol is based on the input–output relation on the nitrogen-vacancy center and microresonator coupling, and the entanglement can be distributed between photons and solid state qubits with the assistance of microcavity resonance. The protocol can be further generalized to quantum repeaters by introducing entanglement purification and entanglement swapping. As solid state systems are promising candidates for long distance quantum communication, the proposed protocol enables the distant parties to achieve scalable distribution of entanglement. We also discussed the practical performance and possible experimental realizations.
Abstract Quantum repeaters with multiple quantum memories provide high throughput, low latency, and high fidelity quantum state (qubit) transfer over long distances. However, conventional quantum repeater protocols require full connections among the multiple quantum memories in a repeater node, which is technically challenging. Here, we propose a quantum repeater protocol based on backward propagating photon emission and absorption, where the quantum memories are multiplexed in the time-domain to speed up a single transmission channel without requiring full connectivity, thereby drastically facilitating physical implementation. Although the protocol is described with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, it is applicable to various physical systems and opens up the possibility of high-speed high-fidelity quantum networks for distributed quantum computation and the quantum Internet.
Fiber-based classical communication is all-optical and uses light pulses reamplified and reshaped every 50-100 km in classical repeaters. Most compatible with this would be a quantum communication system which is also all-optical with quantum processing units placed in similar intervals. However, existing all-optical quantum communication protocols either require complicated quantum error correction steps for logical-qubit recoveries at every few kilometers or, over larger quantum repeater segments, they would at least depend on sharing complex multi-photon entangled states. Here we propose an all-optical memory-based quantum repeater for long-distance quantum communication, with quantum memories at each repeater station realized in the form of fiber loops combined with suitable quantum error correction codes for photon-loss protection. By sending only single-photon states through the fibers connecting the stations, such repeaters can operate in the classical infrastructure's long-segment regime. We analyze the performance of our scheme for the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code, including a concatenation with the Steane code, as well as the single-photon quantum parity code for total distances up to 10000 km.
Highly entangled ``graph'' states of photons have applications in universal quantum computing and in quantum communications. In the latter context, they have been proposed as the key ingredient in the establishment of long-distance entanglement across quantum repeater networks. Recently, a general deterministic approach to generate repeater graph states from quantum emitters was given. However, a detailed protocol for the generation of such states from realistic systems is still needed in order to guide experiments. Here, we provide such explicit protocols for the generation of repeater graph states from two types of quantum emitters: NV centers in diamond and self-assembled quantum dots. A crucial element of our designs is an efficient controlled-ZZZ gate between the emitter and a nuclear spin, used as an ancilla qubit. Additionally, a fast protocol for using pairs of exchange-coupled quantum dots to produce repeater graph states is described. Our focus is on near-term experiments feasible with existing experimental capabilities.
We propose a novel one-way quantum repeater architecture based on photonic tree-cluster states.Encoding a qubit in a photonic tree cluster protects the information from transmission loss and enables long-range quantum communication through a chain of repeater stations.As opposed to conventional approaches that are limited by the two-way communication time, the overall transmission rate of the current quantum repeater protocol is determined by the local processing time enabling very high communication rates.We further show that such a repeater can be constructed with as little as two stationary qubits and one quantum emitter per repeater station, which significantly increases the experimental feasibility.We discuss potential implementations with diamond defect centers and semiconductor quantum dots efficiently coupled to photonic nanostructures and outline how such systems may be integrated into repeater stations.