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arXiv:quant-ph/0410093 · Physical Review Letters

Multiphoton Path Entanglement by Nonlocal Bunching

H. S. Eisenberg, Juan F. Hodelin, G. Khoury, Dirk Bouwmeester

Published Mar 10, 2005• 94 citations
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Abstract

Multiphoton path entanglement is created without applying postselection, by manipulating the state of stimulated parametric down-conversion. A specific measurement on one of the two output spatial modes leads to the nonlocal bunching of the photons of the other mode, forming the desired multiphoton path entangled state. We present experimental results for the case of a heralded two-photon path entangled state and show how to extend this scheme to higher photon numbers.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.94.090502

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Multiphoton path entanglement is created without applying postselection, by manipulating the state of stimulated parametric down-conversion. A specific measurement on one of the two output spatial modes leads to the nonlocal bunching of the photons of the other mode, forming the desired multiphoton path entangled state. We present experimental results for the case of a heralded two-photon path entangled state and show how to extend this scheme to higher photon numbers.
We review recent theoretical and experimental works where are proposed and demonstrated how to use photon pairs created by spontaneous parametric down-conversion to generate entangled states of D-dimensional quantum systems, or qudits. This is the first demonstration of high-dimensional entanglement based on the intrinsic transverse momentum entanglement of the type-II down-converted photons. The qudit space is defined by an aperture made up of an opaque screen with D slits (paths), placed in the arms of the twin photons. By manipulating the pump beam profile we can prepare different entangled states of these possible paths. We focus our attention on an important case for applications in quantum information: the maximally entangled states. Experimental results for qudits with D=4 and D=8 are shown and measuring a two-photon conditional interference, we also demonstrate the nonclassical character of the correlations.
A number of multiphoton interference schemes involving independent fields from parametric down-conversion are analyzed. They include fourth-order (two-photon) interference between two fields from two independent parametric down-conversion processes, interference with two independent single photon Fock states (produced by gated parametric down-conversion), and quantum state teleportation and entanglement swapping. It is shown that the visibility in these interference experiments is related to a quantity that is responsible for the photon bunching effect in one of the fields (signal or idler) from the parametric down-conversion process. Besides the two-photon interference schemes, a four-photon interference scheme is discussed where we consider four-photon partition at a beamsplitter. It is found that probability distribution of the partition is dramatically changed by four-photon interference of six paths and the four-photon effect also depends on the same quantity responsible for photon bunching. We will discuss the difference between two-photon interference and four-photon interference.
We discuss a novel method of efficiently producing multiphoton states using repeated spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Specifically, by attempting down-conversion several times, we can pseudodeterministically add photons to a mode, producing various several-photon states, e.g., Fock states and N00N states (number-path entangled states of the form |N(A), 0(B)>+|0(A), N(B)>). This scheme is exponentially more efficient than previous proposals; we discuss expected performance and experimental limitations.