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arXiv:quant-ph/0409050 · Physical Review A

All-optical versus electro-optical quantum-limited feedback

Howard M. Wiseman, Gerard J Milburn

Published May 1, 1994• 206 citations
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Abstract

All-optical feedback can be effected by putting the output of a source cavity through a Faraday isolator and into a second cavity which is coupled to the source cavity by a nonlinear crystal. If the driven cavity is heavily damped, then it can be adiabatically eliminated and a master equation or quantum Langevin equation derived for the first cavity alone. This is done for an input bath in an arbitrary state, and for an arbitrary nonlinear coupling. If the intercavity coupling involves only the intensity (or one quadrature) of the driven cavity, then the effect on the source cavity is identical to that which can be obtained from electro-optical feedback using direct (or homodyne) detection. If the coupling involves both quadratures, this equivalence no longer holds and a coupling linear in the source amplitude can produce a nonclassical state in the source cavity. The analogous electro-optic scheme using heterodyne detection introduces extra noise which prevents the production of nonclassical light. Unlike the electro-optical case, the all-optical feedback loop has an output beam (reflected from the second cavity). We show that this may be squeezed, even if the source cavity remains in a classical state.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.49.4110

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All-optical feedback can be effected by putting the output of a source cavity through a Faraday isolator and into a second cavity which is coupled to the source cavity by a nonlinear crystal. If the driven cavity is heavily damped, then it can be adiabatically eliminated and a master equation or quantum Langevin equation derived for the first cavity alone. This is done for an input bath in an arbitrary state, and for an arbitrary nonlinear coupling. If the intercavity coupling involves only the intensity (or one quadrature) of the driven cavity, then the effect on the source cavity is identical to that which can be obtained from electro-optical feedback using direct (or homodyne) detection. If the coupling involves both quadratures, this equivalence no longer holds and a coupling linear in the source amplitude can produce a nonclassical state in the source cavity. The analogous electro-optic scheme using heterodyne detection introduces extra noise which prevents the production of nonclassical light. Unlike the electro-optical case, the all-optical feedback loop has an output beam (reflected from the second cavity). We show that this may be squeezed, even if the source cavity remains in a classical state.
We examine the quantum-limited behavior of an electro-optical intensity feedback loop and present a simple theory and experimental data showing excellent agreement. We show that, although the light incident upon the in-loop detector may be sub-Poissonian, this light has unique properties different from those of a freely propagating beam of intensity squeezed light. We support this by presenting the results of homodyne measurements of the phase noise of light extracted from the loop. The utility of the in-loop field is discussed, and it is shown that in all cases in which linear optical components are used, no advantage in signal-to-noise ratio is gained by taking measurements by using this light rather than a coherent source. We also discuss effects seen in the extracted or out-of-loop light. We demonstrate the existence of, and derive an expression for, an optimum gain for suppressing low-level classical noise. Conversely, in the high-gain limit, we demonstrate that the extra noise seen in the out-of-loop photocurrent that is due to the feedback process is expressible purely in terms of the mean photocurrents involved. Lastly, we introduce the novel concept of using an intensity feedback loop in conjunction with a squeezed source and show that the feedback loop has the capability of electronically transferring squeezing from one light beam to another.
We present the quantum theory of optical cavity feedback mediated by homodyne detection, with an arbitrary time delay. We apply this theory to a system with nonclassical dynamics, a sub-Poissonian pumped laser. By using the feedback to phase lock the laser it is possible to produce output light which exhibits perfect quadrature squeezing on resonance, rather than just sub-Poissonian intensity statistics. However, we also show that feedback mediated by homodyne detection (or any other extracavity measurement) cannot produce nonclassical light unless the cavity dynamics can do so without feedback. Furthermore, in systems which already exhibit squeezing, such feedback can only degrade the squeezing in the output. With feedback mediated by an intracavity measurement, these theorems do not apply. We show that an (admittedly unrealistic) intracavity quantum nondemolition quadrature measurement allows arbitrary squeezing to be produced by controlling the amplitude of a coherent driving field.
Conservation of commutator brackets imposes constraints on the response of linear systems. From these constraints the minimum uncertainties of in-phase and quadrature field components in linearized parametric and oscillator systems can be determined. In this paper, a cavity containing a ``degenerate parametric wall'' is analyzed and the resulting equations are found to be identical with those of a saturated oscillator. The ideal parametric wall resonator has lower noise than the saturated oscillator. Feedback is put onto an oscillator formed by the parametric wall, and onto the saturated oscillator, by degenerate heterodyne (homodyne) detection of the oscillator output. It is shown in both cases that the field fluctuations incident upon the photodetector in the feedback loop are ``squeezed,'' i.e., the photodetector current fluctuation level is below shot noise. A semiclassical analysis arrives at the same expression for the detector current fluctuations in the limit of a highly saturated oscillator, thus permitting an alternative interpretation of these results. However, a quantum nondemolition measurement via a nonlinear interferometer ``extracts'' the squeezed states, predicted by the quantum analysis, from the feedback loop. This result has no semiclassical interpretation.
We present a quantum theory of feedback in which the homodyne photocurrent alters the dynamics of the source cavity. To the nonlinear stochastic (Ito) evolution of the conditioned system state we add a feedback term linear in the instantaneous stochastic (Stratonovich) photocurrent. Averaging over the photocurrent gives a feedbackk master equation which has the desired driftlike term, plus a diffusionlike term. We apply the model to phase locking a regularly pumped laser, and show that under ideal conditions the noise spectra of the output light exhibit perfect squeezing on resonance.
Electro-optical feedback can produce an in-loop photocurrent with arbitrarily low noise. This is not regarded as evidence of ``real'' squeezing because squeezed light cannot be extracted from the loop using a linear beam splitter. Here I show that illuminating an atom (which is a nonlinear optical element) with ``in-loop'' squeezed light causes line narrowing of one quadrature of the atom's fluorescence. This has long been regarded as an effect that can only be produced by squeezing. Experiments on atoms using in-loop squeezing should be much easier than those with conventional sources of squeezed light.