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arXiv:quant-ph/0409018

Schroedinger revisited:How the time-dependent wave equation follows from the Hamilton-Jacobi equation

Alex Granik

Published Sep 3, 2004• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

It is shown how using the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation one can arrive at the time-dependent wave equation. Although the former equation was originally used by E.Schroedinger to get the wave equation, we propose a different approach. In the first place, we do not use the principle of least action and, in addition, we arrive at the time-dependent equation, while Schroedinger (in his first seminal paper) used the least action principle and obtained the stationary wave equation. The proposed approach works for any classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation. In addition, by introducing information loss into the Hamilton-Jacobi equation we derive in an elementary fashion the wave equations (ranging from the Shroedinger to Klein-Gordon, to Dirac equations). We also apply this technique to a relativistic particle in the gravitational field and obtain the respective wave equation. All this supports 't Hooft's proposal about a possibility of arriving at quantum description from a classical continuum in the presence of information loss.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0409018

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It is shown how using the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation one can arrive at the time-dependent wave equation. Although the former equation was originally used by E.Schroedinger to get the wave equation, we propose a different approach. In the first place, we do not use the principle of least action and, in addition, we arrive at the time-dependent equation, while Schroedinger (in his first seminal paper) used the least action principle and obtained the stationary wave equation. The proposed approach works for any classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation. In addition, by introducing information loss into the Hamilton-Jacobi equation we derive in an elementary fashion the wave equations (ranging from the Shroedinger to Klein-Gordon, to Dirac equations). We also apply this technique to a relativistic particle in the gravitational field and obtain the respective wave equation. All this supports 't Hooft's proposal about a possibility of arriving at quantum description from a classical continuum in the presence of information loss.
The time dependent Schrodinger equation is frequently 'derived' by postulating the energy E → i ℏ(∂/∂ t ) and momentum → (ℏ/ i ) operator relations. In the present paper we review the quantum field theoretic route to the Schrodinger wave equation which treats time and space as parameters, not operators. Furthermore, we recall that a classical (nonlinear) wave equation can be derived from the classical action via Hamiltonian-Jacobi theory. By requiring the wave equation to be linear we again arrive at the Schrodinger equation, without postulating operator relations. The underlying philosophy is operational: namely 'a particle is what a particle detector detects.' This leads us to a useful physical picture combining the wave (field) and particle paradigms which points the way to the time-dependent Schrodinger equation.
This paper focuses on the principle of time dependent Schrodinger equation (TDSE) which simplified so many reviewed ideas, class room teaching, research ideologies and personal study meant for advanced knowledge. In this research work,  the enlightenment of the basic concept of Schrodinger wave equation to improve knowledge about simple ways for mathematical understanding in deriving TDSE using different technique in more comprehensive approach. The research shows clearly that TDSE can be derived using time independent equation, wave mechanics, classical & Hamilton-Jacobi’s equations. Different methods and ways by different researchers/scholars have been used in the past. In this paper, we review the quantum field theoretic route to the Schrodinger wave equation which treats time and space as parameters, not operators. Furthermore, we recall that a classical (nonlinear) wave equation can be derived from the classical action via Hamiltonian-Jacobi theory. By requiring the wave equation to be linear we again arrive at the Schrodinger equation, without postulating operator relations. The underlying philosophy is operational. Surely, a particle is what a particle detector detects. This leads us to a useful physical picture combining the wave (field) and particle paradigms which points the way to the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. However, the result provides a comprehensive well derived derivation, derived using various approaches, which would make this research a unique one from different areas of specializations.
In this work, we follow the idea of the De Broglie's matter waves and the analogous method that Schrödinger founded wave equation, but we apply the more essential Hamilton principle instead of the minimum action principle of Jacobi which was used in setting up Schrödinger wave equation. Thus, we obtain a novel non-relativistic wave equation which is different from the Schrödinger equation, and relativistic wave equation including free and non-free particle. In addition, we get the spin 1/2 particle wave equation in potential field.
Time-dependent Schroedinger equation represents the basis of any quantum-theoretical approach. The question concerning its proper content in comparison to the classical physics has not been, however, fully answered until now. It will be shown that there is one-to-one physical correspondence between basic solutions (represented always by one Hamiltonian eigenfunction only) and classical ones, as the non-zero quantum potential has not any physical sense, representing only the "numerical" difference between Hamilton principal function and the phase of corresponding wave function in the case of non-inertial motion. Possible interpretation of superposition solutions will be then discussed in the light of this fact. And also different interpretation alternatives of the quantum-mechanical model will be newly analyzed and new attitude to them will be reasoned.
It is shown how the time-dependent Schrödinger equation may be simply derived from the dynamical postulate of Feynman's path integral formulation of quantum mechanics and the Hamilton–Jacobi equation of classical mechanics. Schrödinger's own published derivations of quantum wave equations, the first of which was also based on the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, are also reviewed. The derivation of the time-dependent equation is based on an a priori assumption equivalent to Feynman's dynamical postulate. de Broglie's concepts of ‘matter waves’ and their phase and group velocities are also critically discussed.
The Hamilton-Jacobi method is generalized, both, in classical and relativistic mechanics. The implications in quantum mechanics are considered in the case of Klein-Gordon equation. We find that the wave functions of Klein-Gordon theory can be considered as describing the motion of an ensemble of particles that move under the action of the electromagnetic field alone, without quantum potentials, hidden uninterpreted variables, or zero point fields. The number of particles is not locally conserved.