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arXiv:quant-ph/0406065 · Physical Review A

Multiplicativity of maximal output purities of Gaussian channels under Gaussian inputs

Alessio Serafini, Jens Eisert, Michael M. Wolf

Published Jan 14, 2005• 64 citations
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Abstract

We address the question of the multiplicativity of the maximal $p$-norm output purities of bosonic Gaussian channels under Gaussian inputs. We focus on general Gaussian channels resulting from the reduction of unitary dynamics in larger Hilbert spaces. It is shown that the maximal output purity of tensor products of single-mode channels under Gaussian inputs is multiplicative for any $p∊(1,\ensuremath{\infty})$ for products of arbitrary identical channels as well as for a large class of products of different channels. In the case of $p=2$, multiplicativity is shown to be true for arbitrary products of generic channels acting on any number of modes.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.71.012320

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We address the question of the multiplicativity of the maximal ppp-norm output purities of bosonic Gaussian channels under Gaussian inputs. We focus on general Gaussian channels resulting from the reduction of unitary dynamics in larger Hilbert spaces. It is shown that the maximal output purity of tensor products of single-mode channels under Gaussian inputs is multiplicative for any p∊(1,\ensuremath∞)p∊(1,\ensuremath{\infty})p∊(1,\ensuremath∞) for products of arbitrary identical channels as well as for a large class of products of different channels. In the case of p=2p=2p=2, multiplicativity is shown to be true for arbitrary products of generic channels acting on any number of modes.
A problem in quantum information theory that has received considerable attention in recent years is the question of multiplicativity of the so-called maximal output purity (MOP) of a quantum channel. This quantity is defined as the maximum value of the purity one can get at the output of a channel by varying over all physical input states, when purity is measured by the Schatten qqq-norm, and is denoted by νqν_qνq​. The multiplicativity problem is the question whether two channels used in parallel have a combined νqν_qνq​ that is the product of the νqν_qνq​ of the two channels. A positive answer would imply a number of other additivity results in QIT. Very recently, P. Hayden has found counterexamples for every value of q>1q>1q>1. Nevertheless, these counterexamples require that the dimension of these channels increases with 1−q1-q1−q and therefore do not rule out multiplicativity for qqq in intervals [1,q0)[1,q_0)[1,q0​) with q0q_0q0​ depending on the channel dimension. I argue that this would be enough to prove additivity of entanglement of formation and of the classical capacity of quantum channels. More importantly, no counterexamples have as yet been found in the important special case where one of the channels is a qubit-channel, i.e. its input states are 2-dimensional. In this paper I focus attention to this qubit case and I rephrase the multiplicativity conjecture in the language of block matrices and prove the conjecture in a number of special cases.
We prove multiplicativity of maximal output ppp norm of classical noise channels and thermal noise channels of arbitrary modes for all p>1p>1p>1 under the assumption that the input signal states are Gaussian states. As a direct consequence, we also show the additivity of the minimal output entropy and that of the energy-constrained Holevo capacity for those Gaussian channels under Gaussian inputs. To the best of our knowledge, newly discovered majorization relation on symplectic eigenvalues, which is also of independent interest, plays a central role in the proof.
We give a survey of the two remarkable analytical problems of quantum information theory. The main part is a detailed report of the recent (partial) solution of the quantum Gaussian optimizers problem which establishes an optimal property of Glauber's coherent states -- a particular instance of pure quantum Gaussian states. We elaborate on the notion of quantum Gaussian channel as a noncommutative generalization of Gaussian kernel to show that the coherent states, and under certain conditions only they, minimize a broad class of the concave functionals of the output of a Gaussian channel. Thus, the output states corresponding to the Gaussian input are "the least chaotic", majorizing all the other outputs. The solution, however, is essentially restricted to the gauge-invariant case where a distinguished complex structure plays a special role. We also comment on the related famous additivity conjecture, which was solved in principle in the negative some five years ago. This refers to the additivity or multiplicativity (with respect to tensor products of channels) of information quantities related to the classical capacity of quantum channel, such as (1→p)(1\rightarrow p)(1→p)-norms or the minimal von Neumann or Rényi output entropies. A remarkable corollary of the present solution of the quantum Gaussian optimizers problem is that these additivity properties, while not valid in general, do hold in the important and interesting class of the gauge-covariant Gaussian channels.
A class of problems in quantum information theory, having an elementary formulation but still resisting solution, concerns the additivity properties of various quantities characterizing quantum channels, notably the "classical capacity", and the "maximal output purity". All known results, including extensive numerical work, are consistent with the conjecture that these quantities are indeed additive (resp. multiplicative) with respect to tensor products of channels. A proof of this conjecture would have important consequences in quantum information theory. In particular, according to this conjecture, the classical capacity or the maximal purity of outputs cannot be increased by using entangled inputs of the channel. In this paper we state the additivity/multiplicativity problems, give some relations between them, and prove some new partial results, which also support the conjecture.