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arXiv:quant-ph/0310117 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Dynamical decoherence in a cavity with a large number of two-level atoms

Marco Frasca

Published Mar 2, 2004• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We consider a large number of two-level atoms interacting with the mode of a cavity in the rotating-wave approximation (Tavis–Cummings model). We apply the Holstein–Primakoff transformation to study the model in the limit of the number of two-level atoms, all in their ground state, becoming very large. The unitary evolution that we obtain in this approximation is applied to a macroscopic superposition state showing that, when the coherent states forming the superposition are distant enough, then the state collapses on a single coherent state describing a classical radiation mode. This appears as a true dynamical effect that could be observed in experiments with cavities.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/37/6/011

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We consider a large number of two-level atoms interacting with the mode of a cavity in the rotating-wave approximation (Tavis–Cummings model). We apply the Holstein–Primakoff transformation to study the model in the limit of the number of two-level atoms, all in their ground state, becoming very large. The unitary evolution that we obtain in this approximation is applied to a macroscopic superposition state showing that, when the coherent states forming the superposition are distant enough, then the state collapses on a single coherent state describing a classical radiation mode. This appears as a true dynamical effect that could be observed in experiments with cavities.
We consider the resonant interaction of a cavity mode with a two-level atom that is driven by a coherent field while it crosses the cavity. Starting from the cavity field in a coherent state, we show that the state of the system can reach the maximum entanglement after a unitary evolution for long enough interaction times. Also we illustrate how the generation of cavity field superposition states can allow, in the open system dynamics, the observation of their decoherence in atomic correlation measurements, for any initial cavity field state, and even under the combined effects of dissipation, thermal noise, and atomic pumping.
An approximate solution is given for the Jaynes-Cummings model with cavity losses, i.e., the problem of a two-level atom interacting with a single mode of the quantized radiation field, in the rotating-wave approximation, when the field is damped by a reservoir at zero temperature. The approximate solution is derived for initial coherent field states with moderately large numbers of photons. It is simpler in form than earlier results derived by other authors and, over the appropriate parameter range, substantially more accurate than some of them, as shown by direct numerical integration of the master equation. In particular, it is found that an earlier treatment of this problem based on a secular approximation is seriously flawed, in that the conditions for its validity are much more restrictive than was previously believed. Among the results derived it is shown that, just as for the lossless case, when the atom is initially prepared in one of the semiclassical eigenstates the evolution is very simple, with the field and the atomic dipole drifting together in phase. For moderate losses this leads, as in the lossless case, to a ``state preparation''; i.e., to a good approximation, the state of the atom at a specific time can be made independent of its initial state. The effect of losses on the recently discovered ``Schr\"odinger cat'' state of the field is also analyzed. It is found that, although the dissipation destroys the coherence of the macroscopic superposition very rapidly, preparation and observation of the ``cat'' should be possible with the cavity quality factors reported in recent micromaser experiments.
The Tavis-Cummings model (the Dicke model treated in the rotating-wave approximation), describing many two-level systems coupled to a single bosonic mode, has been long known to show collective semiclassical oscillations when prepared in an inverted state, with all two-level systems excited and the bosonic mode is empty. This paper discusses how the quantum dynamics approaches this semiclassical result for large numbers of two-level systems, focusing on how the eigenvalues approach their semiclassical limit. The approach to the semiclassical result is found to be slow, scaling like a power of the logarithm of the system size. Considering also the effect of weak detuning between the two-level system and the bosonic field, quantum corrections are again found to decay slowly with system size, such that for a fixed detuning, the quantum effects of detuning are greater than the classical effect.
We study the properties of atoms and cavity field in the two-atom Tavis–Cummings model where the two atoms interact with each other and are also driven by an external classical field. We consider the special case that the cavity is initially in a coherent state. The atomic inversion, the average photons number and the Mandel parameter in the driven Tavis–Cummings model are given and analysed numerically. We pay special attention to the dynamical behaviour of the atoms and the cavity field modified by the external field.
The Tavis-Cummings model for more than one qubit interacting with a common oscillator mode is extended beyond the rotating wave approximation (RWA). We explore the parameter regime in which the frequencies of the qubits are much smaller than the oscillator frequency and the coupling strength is allowed to be ultrastrong. The application of the adiabatic approximation introduced by Irish et al. [Phys. Rev. B 72, 195410 (2005)] for a single-qubit system is extended to the multiqubit case. For a two-qubit system, we identify three-state manifolds of close-lying dressed energy levels and obtain results for the dynamics of intramanifold transitions that are incompatible with results from the familiar regime of the RWA. We exhibit features of two-qubit dynamics that are different from the single-qubit case, including calculations of qubit-qubit entanglement. Both number state and coherent state preparations are considered, and we derive analytical formulas that simplify the interpretation of numerical calculations. Expressions for individual collapse and revival signals of both population and entanglement are derived.