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arXiv:quant-ph/0306184 · Physical Review A

Ultrafast propagation of Schrödinger waves in absorbing media

F.S. Delgado, Juan Gonzalo Muga, A. Ruschhaupt

Published Feb 17, 2004• 26 citations
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Abstract

We show that the temporal peak of a quantum wave may arrive at different locations simultaneously in an absorbing medium. The arrival occurs at the lifetime of the particle in the medium from the instant when a point source with a sharp onset is turned on. We also identify other characteristic times. In particular, the ``traversal'' or ``B\"uttiker-Landauer'' time (which grows linearly with the distance to the source) for the Hermitian, non-absorbing case is substituted by several characteristic quantities in the absorbing case. The simultaneous arrival due to absorption, unlike the Hartman effect, occurs for carrier frequencies under or above the cutoff, and for arbitrarily large distances. It holds also in a relativistic generalization but limited by causality. A possible physical realization is proposed by illuminating a two-level atom with a detuned laser.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.69.022106

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Propagation effects in atomic systems for ultrashort and long pulses: Control of the optical response

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This thesis deals with the study of propagation effects experienced by weak light pulses as they propagate in atomic media driven by strong pulses. We explore both the ultra-short and long pulse regime and investigate the phenomena that arise at these different time scales. In the short pulse regime, a strongly driven two level atomic system presents transient light shifts, and non-adiabatic transitions occur between these adiabatic levels. We have studied a method to probe these light shifts in real time by propagating a weak probe through the medium. The light shifts enrich the spectrum of the probe and the probe gets shaped as a result. In this way a strongly driven two-level system can act as an active pulse shaper, and can introduce oscillations in the temporal profile of an ultra-short pulse at a time scale shorter than the pulse duration. We also show that by driving the system with two time delayed non-resonant strong fields, the non-adiabatic effects can be rendered phase dependent. This gives very sensitive phase control of the excited state population and can be used to formulate new techniques in interferometry. In the long pulse regime we present a new method of slowing light that can be realized in a double two-level system interacting with two orthogonally polarized light pulses that propagate along different axis. Spatio-temporal dependence of the total polarization induces a grating in the ground Zeeman coherence. The stronger of the two fields (the control field) is diffracted from this grating into the direction of the weak probe field compensating for the absorption of this latter field. A transparency window is thus created in the absorption spectrum of the probe leading to the slowing down of light. The transparency window exhibits characteristics similar to the one obtained by EIT (electromagnetic induced transparency) method. However, the important difference between our method and the traditional EIT method, is that ours doesn't rely on realizing dark state in the system. This may open the possibility of slowing down light in more complex atomic media. Moreover, when the linear absorptive response of the medium is cancelled in this manner, the nonlinear response becomes more important. In the situation where fields propagate in the same direction and have same frequency, two regimes have been investigated. For small optical depths, the effective susceptibility behaves as chi_lin exp[2 i phi] (with phi the phase difference between two fields). This renders phase control of the medium response, and the medium can be changed from an absorber to an amplifier, with normal or anomalous dispersion, by adjusting the relative phase phi.  In the regime of large optical thickness, phase saturation takes place and the effective susceptibility turns into chi_lin*, changing an absorber into an amplifier without effecting the dispersive response (chi_lin is linear susceptibility).

•Feb 3, 2009•1 citation
We show that the temporal peak of a quantum wave may arrive at different locations simultaneously in an absorbing medium. The arrival occurs at the lifetime of the particle in the medium from the instant when a point source with a sharp onset is turned on. We also identify other characteristic times. In particular, the traversal'' or B"uttiker-Landauer'' time (which grows linearly with the distance to the source) for the Hermitian, non-absorbing case is substituted by several characteristic quantities in the absorbing case. The simultaneous arrival due to absorption, unlike the Hartman effect, occurs for carrier frequencies under or above the cutoff, and for arbitrarily large distances. It holds also in a relativistic generalization but limited by causality. A possible physical realization is proposed by illuminating a two-level atom with a detuned laser.
We investigate the time evolution of waves in evanescent media generated by a source within this medium and observed at some distance away from the location of the source. The aim is to find a velocity which describes a causal process and is thus, for a medium with relativistic dispersion, limited by the velocity of light. For a source with a sharp onset in time, the wave function consists of a forerunner generated by the onset of the source, and of a monochromatic front. The forerunner is dominated by a frequency which decreases with time, and the monochromatic front carries the oscillation frequency of the source into the evanescent medium. For a medium with Schrödinger-like dispersion the velocity of the front is infinite and the monochromatic front propagates with a velocity which is in agreement with the traversal time for tunneling. In the relativistic case the forerunners travel with the velocity of light and the velocity the monochromatic front is smaller than the velocity of light and only for special energies equal to the velocity of light. For sources with a sharp onset, the forerunners are not attenuated and in magnitude far exceed the monochromatic front. This renders the detection of the monochromatic front difficult. To avoid the different behavior of forerunners and monochromatic fronts, sources which are frequency-band limited can be considered or a short-time Fourier transform of the field at the observation point can be taken. Both discussions suggest that the traversal time can be determined only up to a factor of 𝒪(1).
We obtain the solution of a relativistic wave equation and compare it with the solution of the Schr\"odinger equation for a source with a sharp onset and excitation frequencies below cutoff. A scaling of position and time reduces to a single case all the (below cutoff) nonrelativistic solutions, but no such simplification holds for the relativistic equation, so that qualitatively different ``shallow'' and ``deep'' tunneling regimes may be identified relativistically. The nonrelativistic forerunner at a position beyond the penetration length of the asymptotic stationary wave does not tunnel; nevertheless, it arrives at the traversal (semiclassical or B\"uttiker-Landauer) time $\ensuremath{\tau}.$ The corresponding relativistic forerunner is more complex: it oscillates due to the interference between two saddle-point contributions and may be characterized by two times for the arrival of the maxima of lower and upper envelopes. There is in addition an earlier relativistic forerunner, right after the causal front, which does tunnel. Within the penetration length, tunneling is more robust for the precursors of the relativistic equation.
Abstract We investigate the time evolution of waves in evanescent media generated by a source within this medium and observed at some distance away from the location of the source. The aim is to find a velocity which describes a causal process and is thus, for a medium with relativistic dispersion, limited by the velocity of light. For a source with a sharp onset in time, the wave function consists of a forerunner generated by the onset of the source, and of a monochromatic front. The forerunner is dominated by a frequency which decreases with time, and the monochromatic front carries the oscillation frequency of the source into the evanescent medium. For a medium with Schrödinger‐like dispersion the velocity of the front is infinite and the monochromatic front propagates with a velocity which is in agreement with the traversal time for tunneling. In the relativistic case the forerunners travel with the velocity of light and the velocity the monochromatic front is smaller than the velocity of light and only for special energies equal to the velocity of light. For sources with a sharp onset, the forerunners are not attenuated and in magnitude far exceed the monochromatic front. This renders the detection of the monochromatic front difficult. To avoid the different behavior of forerunners and monochromatic fronts, sources which are frequency‐band limited can be considered or a short‐time Fourier transform of the field at the observation point can be taken. Both discussions suggest that the traversal time can be determined only up to a factor of 𝒪(1).
The propagation of ultrashort x-ray pulses through a resonant attenuating two-level atom medium is investigated on the basis of the temporal point-source (the Green-function) formalism. A general case of the small-area pulse (SAP) approximation of a traveling coherent wave is considered. The patterns of the SAP envelope E(t,z) and energy U(z) evolution within the medium are calculated in the cases of incident Lorentzian and exponential pulses and their dependence on the temporal bandwidth ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{band}}$ in comparison with the total dissipative relaxation time (lifetime) T2{\mathrm{T}}_{2}T2​ . It is shown that if ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{band}}$ is the same order or smaller than T2{\mathrm{T}}_{2}T2​ , the reshaping (oscillations) of the pulse envelope and/or low energy-loss effects occur in accord with the general conclusions pointed out by Crisp [Phys. Rev. A 1, 1604 (1970)] in the case of the SAP for coherent light traveling through a resonant medium. The experimental conditions for the observation of penetration effects of the SAP of x rays are discussed. Based on the theoretical study, it is found that an ultrashort x-ray pulse emitted by an ultrashort laser-produced plasma propagates through thin resonant medium foils with low energy loss.
Propagation of a Gaussian wave packet in an absorbing medium is examined in order to shed light on the physical basis of group velocity which exhibits a singular behavior. It is found that the velocity of the wave packet, defined as the traveling distance of the peak amplitude divided by its flight time, decreases in the absorption range of frequency, although the group velocity becomes infinite in the same range. Fast pulse propagation, which was observed by Chu and Wong and is characterized by a packet velocity faster than the light velocity, turns out to be a characteristic in the early stage of the flight and is understood in terms of packet distortion due to damping of Fourier-component waves in an anomalous dispersion region. It also turns out that slow pulse propagation characterized by a packet velocity less than the light velocity appears for long traveling distance. The results provided a unified picture of wave-packet propagation in an absorbing medium.
This thesis deals with the study of propagation effects experienced by weak light pulses as they propagate in atomic media driven by strong pulses. We explore both the ultra-short and long pulse regime and investigate the phenomena that arise at these different time scales. In the short pulse regime, a strongly driven two level atomic system presents transient light shifts, and non-adiabatic transitions occur between these adiabatic levels. We have studied a method to probe these light shifts in real time by propagating a weak probe through the medium. The light shifts enrich the spectrum of the probe and the probe gets shaped as a result. In this way a strongly driven two-level system can act as an active pulse shaper, and can introduce oscillations in the temporal profile of an ultra-short pulse at a time scale shorter than the pulse duration. We also show that by driving the system with two time delayed non-resonant strong fields, the non-adiabatic effects can be rendered phase dependent. This gives very sensitive phase control of the excited state population and can be used to formulate new techniques in interferometry. In the long pulse regime we present a new method of slowing light that can be realized in a double two-level system interacting with two orthogonally polarized light pulses that propagate along different axis. Spatio-temporal dependence of the total polarization induces a grating in the ground Zeeman coherence. The stronger of the two fields (the control field) is diffracted from this grating into the direction of the weak probe field compensating for the absorption of this latter field. A transparency window is thus created in the absorption spectrum of the probe leading to the slowing down of light. The transparency window exhibits characteristics similar to the one obtained by EIT (electromagnetic induced transparency) method. However, the important difference between our method and the traditional EIT method, is that ours doesn't rely on realizing dark state in the system. This may open the possibility of slowing down light in more complex atomic media. Moreover, when the linear absorptive response of the medium is cancelled in this manner, the nonlinear response becomes more important. In the situation where fields propagate in the same direction and have same frequency, two regimes have been investigated. For small optical depths, the effective susceptibility behaves as chi_lin exp[2 i phi] (with phi the phase difference between two fields). This renders phase control of the medium response, and the medium can be changed from an absorber to an amplifier, with normal or anomalous dispersion, by adjusting the relative phase phi.  In the regime of large optical thickness, phase saturation takes place and the effective susceptibility turns into chi_lin*, changing an absorber into an amplifier without effecting the dispersive response (chi_lin is linear susceptibility).