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arXiv:quant-ph/0304195

A de Broglie-Bohm Like Model for Dirac Equation

O. Chavoya-Aceves

Published Apr 29, 2003• 0 citations
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Abstract

A de Broglie-Bohm like model of Dirac equation, that leads to the correct Pauli equations for electrons and positrons in the low-speed limit, is presented. Under this theoretical framework, that affords an interpretation of the quantum potential, the main assumption of the de Broglie-Bohm theory--that the local momentum of particles is given by the gradient of the phase of the wave function--wont be accurate. Also, the number of particles wont be locally conserved. Furthermore, the representation of physical systems through wave functions wont be complete.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0304195

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A de Broglie-Bohm like model of Dirac equation, that leads to the correct Pauli equations for electrons and positrons in the low-speed limit, is presented. Under this theoretical framework, that affords an interpretation of the quantum potential, the main assumption of the de Broglie-Bohm theory--that the local momentum of particles is given by the gradient of the phase of the wave function--wont be accurate. Also, the number of particles wont be locally conserved. Furthermore, the representation of physical systems through wave functions wont be complete.
A de Broglie-Bohm like model of Klein-Gordon equation, that leads to the correct Schrodinger equation in the low-speed limit, is presented. Under this theoretical framework, that affords an interpretation of the quantum potential, the main assumption of the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation--that the local momentum of particles is given by the gradient of the phase of the wave function--is not but approximately correct. Also, the number of particles is not locally conserved. Furthermore, the representation of physical systems through wave functions wont be complete.
Electrons moving at slow speeds much lower than the speed of light are described by a wave function which is a solution of Pauli's equation. This is a low-velocity limit of the relativistic Dirac equation. Here we compare two approaches, one of which is the more conservative Copenhagen's interpretation denying a trajectory of the electron but allowing a trajectory to the electron expectation value through the Ehrenfest theorem. The said expectation value is of course calculated using a solution of Pauli's equation. A less orthodox approach is championed by Bohm, and attributes a velocity field to the electron also derived from the Pauli wave function. It is thus interesting to compare the trajectory followed by the electron according to Bohm and its expectation value according to Ehrenfest. Both similarities and differences will be considered.
We define the de Broglie-Bohm (dBB) weak interpretation as the dBB interpretation restricted to particles in unbound states whose wave function is defined in the three-dimensional physical space, and the dBB strong interpretation as the usual dBB interpretation applied to all wave functions, in particular to particles in bound states whose wave function is defined in a 3N-dimensional configuration space in which N is the number of particules. We show that the current criticisms of the dBB interpretation do not apply to this weak interpretation and that, furthermore, there are theoritical and experimental reasons to justify the weak dBB interpretation. Theoretically, the main reason concern the continuity existing for such particles between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics: we demonstrate in fact that the density and the phase of the wave function of a single-particle (or a set of identical particles without interaction), when the Planck constant tends to 0, converges to the density and the action of a set of unrecognizable prepared classical particles that satisfy the statistical Hamilton-Jacobi equations. As the Hamilton-Jacobi action pilots the particle in classical mechanics, this continuity naturally concurs with the weak dBB interpretation. Experimentally, we show that the measurement results of the main quantum experiments (Young's slits experiment, Stern and Gerlach, EPR-B) are compatible with the de Broglie-Bohm weak interpretation and everything takes place as if these unbounded particles had trajectories. In addition, we propose two potential solutions to complete the dBB weak interpretation.
Non-relativistic de Broglie–Bohm theory describes particles moving under the guidance of the wave function. In de Broglieʼs original formulation, the particle dynamics is given by a first-order differential equation. In Bohmʼs reformulation, it is given by Newtonʼs law of motion with an extra potential that depends on the wave function—the quantum potential—together with a constraint on the possible velocities. It was recently argued, mainly by numerical simulations, that relaxing this velocity constraint leads to a physically untenable theory. We provide further evidence for this by showing that for various wave functions the particles tend to escape the wave packet. In particular, we show that for a central classical potential and bound energy eigenstates the particle motion is often unbounded. This work seems particularly relevant for ways of simulating wave function evolution based on Bohmʼs formulation of the de Broglie–Bohm theory. Namely, the simulations may become unstable due to deviations from the velocity constraint.
It is shown that the de Broglie-Bohm theory has a potential problem concerning the mass and charge distributions of a quantum system such as an electron. According to the de Broglie-Bohm theory, the mass and charge of an electron are localized in a position where its Bohmian particle is. However, protective measurement indicates that they are not localized in one position but distributed throughout space, and the mass and charge density of the electron in each position is proportional to the modulus square of its wave function there.
In the stochastic electrodynamics, various quantum effects on particles are supposed to emerge from the interactions of the particles with the fluctuating background field. We have adopted the same supposition and further supposed that the quantum potential arises from the velocity fluctuations of particles around their local averages. Based on these suppositions we have derived the expression of the quantum potential in the framework of de Broglie–Bohm theory, which is a reformulation of Schrödinger’s. Thus we are allowed to use the wave functions and Schrödinger operators explicitly so that we have been able to derive the quantum potential in simpler and more compact manner as compared with the stochastic electrodynamics’s. A new hydrodynamical version of Schrödinger equation is also presented, which has been found in the course of our study.