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arXiv:quant-ph/0304042 · Physical Review Letters

Entanglement of Formation for Symmetric Gaussian States

G. Giedke, Michael M. Wolf, O. Krüger, Reinhard F. Werner, J. I. Cirac

Published Sep 3, 2003• 320 citations
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Abstract

We show that for a fixed amount of entanglement, two-mode squeezed states are those that maximize Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-like correlations. We use this fact to determine the entanglement of formation for all symmetric Gaussian states corresponding to two modes. This is the first instance in which this measure has been determined for genuine continuous variable systems.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.91.107901

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We show that for a fixed amount of entanglement, two-mode squeezed states are those that maximize Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-like correlations. We use this fact to determine the entanglement of formation for all symmetric Gaussian states corresponding to two modes. This is the first instance in which this measure has been determined for genuine continuous variable systems.
We derive two lower bounds on entanglement of formation for arbitrary mixed Gaussian states by two distinct methods. To achieve the first one we use a local measurement procedure that symmetrizes a general Gaussian state and the fact that entanglement cannot increase under local operations and classical communications. The second one is obtained via a generalization to mixed states of an interesting result already known for pure states, which says that squeezed states are those that, for a fixed amount of entanglement, maximize Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-like correlations.
We prove that the entanglement of formation of every two-mode Gaussian state coincides with its Gaussian restriction, solving a longstanding open problem in continuous variable quantum information theory. The key result is a sharp affine relation between entanglement and a generalized Einstein--Podolsky--Rosen observable, valid for arbitrary pure two-mode states, including non-Gaussian ones. We further prove that the entanglement of formation is additive on arbitrary tensor products of two-mode Gaussian states, and hence coincides with the entanglement cost, settling the latter for all two-mode Gaussian states. As a consequence, we obtain in closed form the entanglement cost of thermal-loss, thermal-amplifier and additive-noise bosonic channels. Our results, which also extend to bisymmetric multimode states, establish that no two-mode state is less entangled than the Gaussian state with the same covariance matrix, yielding measurable lower bounds on both the entanglement of formation and the entanglement cost of arbitrary non-Gaussian states.
The entanglement of general asymmetric pure Gaussian two-mode states is examined in terms of the coefficients of the quadrature components of the wave function. The entanglement criterion and the entanglement of formation are directly evaluated as a function of these coefficients, without the need for local unitary transformations. These reproduce results for the special case of symmetric pure states which employ a relation between squeezed states and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations. The modification of the quadrature coefficients and the corresponding entanglement due to application of various optical elements is also derived.
We quantify the maximum amount of entanglement of formation (EoF) that can be achieved by continuous-variable states under passive operations, which we refer to as the EoF potential. Focusing, in particular, on two-mode Gaussian states we derive analytical expressions for the EoF potential for specific classes of states. For more general states, we demonstrate that this quantity can be upper bounded by the minimum amount of squeezing needed to synthesize the Gaussian modes, a quantity called squeezing of formation. Our work, thus, provides a link between nonclassicality of quantum states and the nonclassicality of correlations.
Based on total variance of a pair of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) type operators, the generalized EPR entangled states in continuous variable systems are defined. We show that such entangled states must correspond to two-mode squeezing states whether these states are Gaussian or not and whether they are pure or not. With help of the relation between the total variance and the entanglement, the degree of such entanglement is also defined. Through analysing some specific cases, we see that this method is very convenient and easy in practical applications. In addition, an entangled state with no squeezing is studied, which reveals that there certainly exists something unknown about entanglement in continuous variable systems.