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arXiv:quant-ph/0302148 · Physica Scripta

Zero-Energy Flows and Vortex Patin Quantum Mechanics

Tsunehiro Kobayashi

Published Jan 1, 2004• 2 citations
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Abstract

We show that zero-energy flows appear in many particle systems as well as in single particle cases in 2-dimensions. Vortex patterns constructed from the zero-energy flows can be investigated in terms of the eigenstates in conjugate spaces of Gel'fand triplets. Stable patterns are written by the superposition of zero-energy eigenstates. On the other hand vortex creations and annihilations are described by the insertions of unstable eigenstates with complex-energy eigenvalues into the stable patterns. Some concrete examples are presented in the 2-dimensional parabolic potential barrier case. We point out three interesting properties of the zero-energy flows (i) the absolute economy as for the energy consumption, (ii) the infinite variety of the vortex patterns, and (iii) the perfect stability of the vortex patterns.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/70/6/001

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We show that zero-energy flows appear in many particle systems as well as in single particle cases in 2-dimensions. Vortex patterns constructed from the zero-energy flows can be investigated in terms of the eigenstates in conjugate spaces of Gel'fand triplets. Stable patterns are written by the superposition of zero-energy eigenstates. On the other hand vortex creations and annihilations are described by the insertions of unstable eigenstates with complex-energy eigenvalues into the stable patterns. Some concrete examples are presented in the 2-dimensional parabolic potential barrier case. We point out three interesting properties of the zero-energy flows (i) the absolute economy as for the energy consumption, (ii) the infinite variety of the vortex patterns, and (iii) the perfect stability of the vortex patterns.
We show that zero-energy flows appear in many particle systems as same as in single particle cases in 2-dimensions. Vortex patterns constructed from the zeroenergy flows can be investigated in terms of the eigenstates in conjugate spaces of Gel’fand triplets. Stable patterns are written by the superposition of zero-energy eigenstates. On the other hand vortex creations and annihilations are described by the insertions of unstable eigenstates with complex-energy eigenvalues into the stable patterns. Some concrete examples are presented in the 2-dimensional parabolic potential barrier case. We point out three interesting properties of the zero-energy flows; (i) the absolute economy as for the energy consumption, (ii) the infinite variety of the vortex patterns, and (iii) the absolute stability of the vortex patterns Keywords: Zero-energy solutions, vortex creations and annihilations, quantum mechanics, Gel’fand triplets,
Time-dependent processes accompanied by vortex creations and annihilations are investigated in terms of the eigenstates in conjugate spaces of Gel'fand triplets in 2-dimensions. Creations and annihilations of vortices are described by the insertions of unstable eigenstates with complex-energy eigenvalues into stable states written by the superposition of eigenstates with zero-energy eigenvalues. Some concrete examples are presented in terms of the eigenfunctions of the 2-dimensional parabolic potential barrier, i.e., −mγ2(x2+y2)/2-m γ^2 (x^2+y^2)/2−mγ2(x2+y2)/2. We show that the processes accompanied by vortex creations and annihilations can be analyzed in terms of the eigenfunctions in the conjugate spaces of Gel'fand triplets. Throughout these examinations we point out three interesting properties of the zero-energy flows. (i) Mechanisms using the zero-energy flows are absolutely economical from the viewpoint of energy consumption. (ii) An enormous amount of informations can be discriminated in terms of the infinite variety of the zero-energy flows. (iii) The zero-energy flow patterns are absolutely stable in any disturbance by inserting arbitrary decaying flows with complex-energy eigenvalues.
In the two-dimensional isotropic parabolic potential barrier V ( x , y ) = V 0 - m γ 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )/2, though it is a model of an unstable system in quantum mechanics, we can obtain the stationary states corresponding to the real energy eigenvalue V 0 . Further, they are infinitely degenerate. For the first few eigenstates, we will find the stationary flows round a right angle that are expressed by the complex velocity potentials W = ±γ z 2 /2. From the hydrodynamical point of view vortex structures for the general solutions are also studied.
A mechanism of memories, especially biological memories, is studied in terms of quantum fluids. Two-dimensional flows in central potentials Va(ρ)=−a2gaρ2(a−1)V_a(ρ)=-a^2g_aρ^{2(a-1)}Va​(ρ)=−a2ga​ρ2(a−1) (a≠0a\not=0a=0 and ρ=x2+y2ρ=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}ρ=x2+y2​) have zero-energy eigenstates that degenerate infinitely for all aaa. It is shown that stable standing waves constructed from the zero-energy flows are confined in various types of polygons which can be the minimum units of memory systems. Vortex patterns awoken in the units by stimuli correspond to the memories of the stimuli. This memory system is not a system for preserving memories as usual but that for awaking memories. The system has interesting properties; (i) the absolute economy as for the energy consumption, (ii) the infinite variety for a huge number of memories, (iii) the perfect recovery of the system from any disturbances by stimuli, and (iv) the large flexibility in the construction of the system. A process for thinking is also proposed in terms of this memory system.
THE dissertation deals with the two-dimensional isotropic parabolic potential barrier as a solvable model of a two-dimensional unstable system in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The time-independent Schrodinger equation for this model is set up as the eigenvalue problem in Gel'fand triplet and its exact solutions are expressed by generalized eigen-functions belonging to complex energy eigenvalues. There are stationary states with a real energy eigenvalues. There are statinary states with a real energy eigenvalue involved in those solutions, and they are infinitely degenerate. A physical picture of the generalized eigenstates of the unstable system is obtained from the hydrodynamical point of view. For the first few stationary states of the two-dimensional parabolic potential barrier, the complex velocity potentials in the hydrodynamical formulation of quantum mechanics express the two-dimensional irrotational flows round a right angle. We find that this result can be deduced from the general connection between complex velocity potentials and singular potentials in two-dimensional quantum systems.