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arXiv:quant-ph/0301048

Deterministic Secure Direct Communication Using Ping-pong protocol without public channel

Qing-yu Cai

Published Jan 13, 2003• 5 citations
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Abstract

Based on an EPR pair of qubits and allowing asymptotically secure key distribution, a secure communication protocol is presented. Bob sends either of the EPR pair qubits to Alice. Alice receives the travel qubit. Then she can encode classical information by local unitary operations on this travel qubit. Alice send the qubit back to Bob. Bob can get Alice's information by measurement on the two photons in Bell operator basis. If Eve in line, she has no access to Bob's home qubit. All her operations are restricted to the travel qubit. In order to find out which opeartion Alice performs, Eve's operation must include measurements. The EPR pair qubits are destroyed. Bob's measurement on the two photons in Bell operator basis can help him to judge whether Eve exist in line or not. In this protocal, a public channel is not necessary.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0301048

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Based on an EPR pair of qubits and allowing asymptotically secure key distribution, a secure communication protocol is presented. Bob sends either of the EPR pair qubits to Alice. Alice receives the travel qubit. Then she can encode classical information by local unitary operations on this travel qubit. Alice send the qubit back to Bob. Bob can get Alice's information by measurement on the two photons in Bell operator basis. If Eve in line, she has no access to Bob's home qubit. All her operations are restricted to the travel qubit. In order to find out which opeartion Alice performs, Eve's operation must include measurements. The EPR pair qubits are destroyed. Bob's measurement on the two photons in Bell operator basis can help him to judge whether Eve exist in line or not. In this protocal, a public channel is not necessary.
A deterministic direct quantum communication protocol by using swapping quantum entanglement and local unitary operations is proposed in this paper. A set of ordered EPR pairs in one of the four Bell states is used. For each pair, each of the two legitimate users owns a photon of the entangled pair via quantum channel. The pairs are divided into two types of group, i.e., the checking groups and the encoding-decoding groups. In the checking groups, taking advantage of the swapping quantum entanglement and Alice's (the message sender's) public announcement, the eavesdropping can be detected provided that the number of the checking groups is big enough. After insuring the security of the quantum channel, Alice encodes her bits via the local unitary operations on the encoding-decoding groups. Then she performs her Bell measurements on her photons and publicly announces her measurement results. After her announcement, the message receiver Bob performs his Bell measurements on his photons and directly extracts the encoding bits by using the property of the quantum entanglement swapping. The security of the present scheme is also discussed: under the attack scenarios to our best knowledge, the scheme is secure.
Two schemes for quantum secure conditional direct communication are proposed, where a set of EPR pairs of maximally entangled particles in Bell states, initially made by the supervisor Charlie, but shared by the sender Alice and the receiver Bob, functions as quantum information channels for faithful transmission. After insuring the security of the quantum channel and obtaining the permission of Charlie (i.e., Charlie is trustworthy and cooperative, which means the "conditional" in the two schemes), Alice and Bob begin their private communication under the control of Charlie. In the first scheme, Alice transmits secret message to Bob in a deterministic manner with the help of Charlie by means of Alice's local unitary transformations, both Alice and Bob's local measurements, and both of Alice and Charlie's public classical communication. In the second scheme, the secure communication between Alice and Bob can be achieved via public classical communication of Charlie and Alice, and the local measurements of both Alice and Bob. The common feature of these protocols is that the communications between two communication parties Alice and Bob depend on the agreement of the third side Charlie. Moreover, transmitting one bit secret message, the sender Alice only needs to apply a local operation on her one qubit and send one bit classical information. We also show that the two schemes are completely secure if quantum channels are perfect.
Quantum cryptography protocols using entangled qubit pairs can increase the rate and security of information exchange through a quantum channel. Usually those protocols are non-deterministic, i.e. a classical bit is encoded in a quantum state, but the actual bit value cannot be determined. Therefore they request the transmission of additional information through a public channel. By contrast, the ping-pong coding scheme based on entangled photons allows for deterministic and direct key distribution. No qubit has to be discarded and information can be decoded without the need for a subsequent transmission of additional information. Communication through a public channel nevertheless is necessary to ensure asymptotical security against arbitrary eavesdropping attacks.
We presen a secure direct communication protocol by using step-split Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair. In this communication protocol, Alice first sends one qubit of an EPR pair to Bob. Bob sends a receipt signal to Alice through public channel when he receives Alice's first qubit. Alice performs her encoding operations on the second qubit and sends this qubit to Bob. Bob performs a Bell-basis measurement to draw Alice's information. The security of this protocol is based on `High fidelity implies low entropy'. If Eve want to eavesdrop Alice's information, she has to attack both qubits of the EPR pair, which results in that any effective eavesdropping attack can be detected. Bob's receipt signal can protect this protocol against the eavesdropping hiding in the quantum channel losses. And this protocol is strictly secure to perform a quantum key distribution by using Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes.
We present a quantum secure direct communication scheme achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. In this scheme a set of ordered Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs is used as a quantum information channel for sending secret messages directly. After insuring the safety of the quantum channel, the sender Alice encodes the secret messages directly by applying a series local operations on her particle sequences according to their stipulation. Using three EPR pairs, three bits of secret classical information can be faithfully transmitted from Alice to remote Bob without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. By both Alice and Bob's GHZ state measurement results, Bob is able to read out the encoded secret messages directly. The protocol is completely secure if perfect quantum channel is used, because there is not a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message between Alice and Bob in the public channel.
We present a scheme for quantum communication, where a set of EPR pairs, initially shared by the sender Alice and the receiver Bob, functions as a quantum channel. After insuring the safety of the quantum channel, Alice applies local measurement on her particles of the EPR pairs and informs Bob the encoding classical information publicly. According to Alice's classical information and his measurement outcomes on the EPR pairs Bob can infer the secret messages directly. In this scheme, to transmit one bit secret message, the sender Alice only needs to send one bit classical information to the receiver Bob. We also show that this scheme is completely secure if perfect quantum channel is used.