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arXiv:quant-ph/0301038 · Quantum Information and Computation

Entanglement transformations of pure Gaussian states

G. Giedke, Jens Eisert, J. I. Cirac, Martin Bodo Plenio

Published May 1, 2003• 74 citations
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Abstract

We present a theory of entanglement transformations of Gaussian pure states with local Gaussian operations and classical communication. This is the experimentally accessible set of operations that can be realized with optical elements such as beam splitters, phase shifts and squeezers, together with homodyne measurements. We provide a simple necessary and sufficient condition for the possibility to transform a pure bipartite Gaussian state into another one. We contrast our criterion with what is possible if general local operations are available.

DOI
10.26421/qic3.3-3

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We present a theory of entanglement transformations of Gaussian pure states with local Gaussian operations and classical communication. This is the experimentally accessible set of operations that can be realized with optical elements such as beam splitters, phase shifts and squeezers, together with homodyne measurements. We provide a simple necessary and sufficient condition for the possibility to transform a pure bipartite Gaussian state into another one. We contrast our criterion with what is possible if general local operations are available.
We analyze the conditions under which local operations and classical communication enable entanglement transformations within the set of bipartite pure Gaussian states. A set of necessary and sufficient conditions had been found in [Quant. Inf. Comp. 3, 211 (2003)] for the interconversion between such states that is restricted to Gaussian local operations and classical communication. Here, we exploit majorization theory in order to derive more general (sufficient) conditions for the interconversion between bipartite pure Gaussian states that goes beyond Gaussian local operations. While our technique is applicable to an arbitrary number of modes for each party, it allows us to exhibit surprisingly simple examples of 2 x 2 Gaussian states that necessarily require non-Gaussian local operations to be transformed into each other.
We characterize the class of all physical operations that transform Gaussian states to Gaussian states. We show that this class coincides with that of all operations that can be performed on Gaussian states using linear optical elements and homodyne measurements. For bipartite systems we characterize the processes that can be implemented by local operations and classical communication, as well as those that can be implemented using positive partial transpose preserving maps. As an application, we show that Gaussian states cannot be distilled by local Gaussian operations and classical communication. We also define and characterize positive (but not completely positive) Gaussian maps.
We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for arbitrary multimode (pure or mixed) Gaussian states to be equivalent under Gaussian local unitary operations. To do so, we introduce a standard form for Gaussian states, which has the properties that (i) every state can be transformed into its standard form via Gaussian local unitaries and (ii) it is unique and (iii) it can be easily computed. Thus, two states are equivalent under Gaussian local unitaries if and only if their standard forms coincide. We explicitly derive the standard form for two- and three-mode Gaussian pure states. We then investigate transformations between these classes by means of Gaussian local operations assisted by classical communication. For three-mode pure states, we identify a global property that cannot be created but only destroyed by local operations. This implies that the highly entangled family of symmetric three-mode Gaussian states is not sufficient to generate all three-mode Gaussian states by local Gaussian operations.
Suppose Alice and Bob jointly possess a pure state, $|\ensuremath{\psi}〉$. Using local operations on their respective systems and classical communication it may be possible for Alice and Bob to transform $|\ensuremath{\psi}〉$ into another joint state $|\ensuremath{\varphi}〉$. This Letter gives necessary and sufficient conditions for this process of entanglement transformation to be possible. These conditions reveal a partial ordering on the entangled states and connect quantum entanglement to the algebraic theory of majorization. As a consequence, we find that there exist essentially different types of entanglement for bipartite quantum systems.