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arXiv:quant-ph/0301037 · Physical Review Letters

Geometric Phase in Open Systems

Angelo C. M. Carollo, Ivette Fuentes, Marcelo França Santos, Vlatko Vedral

Published Apr 23, 2003• 307 citations
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Abstract

We calculate the geometric phase associated with the evolution of a system subjected to decoherence through a quantum-jump approach. The method is general and can be applied to many different physical systems. As examples, two main sources of decoherence are considered: dephasing and spontaneous decay. We show that the geometric phase is completely insensitive to the former, i.e., it is independent of the number of jumps determined by the dephasing operator.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.90.160402

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We calculate the geometric phase associated with the evolution of a system subjected to decoherence through a quantum-jump approach. The method is general and can be applied to many different physical systems. As examples, two main sources of decoherence are considered: dephasing and spontaneous decay. We show that the geometric phase is completely insensitive to the former, i.e., it is independent of the number of jumps determined by the dephasing operator.
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The geometric phase is of fundamental interest and plays an important role in quantum information processing. However, the definition and calculation of this phase for open systems remain problematic due to the lack of agreement on generalizations of the parallel transport condition to mixed-state nonunity evolutions. Here we tackle this problem by associating the open-system geometric phase with the parallel transport of the joint system-reservoir state and find that the associated geometric phase can be calculated when the total Hamiltonian is time independent. Our approach not only provides a way around the nonunitary evolution obstacle, but also sheds light on the relation between the geometric phase and the system-reservoir entanglement. Based on this approach, we calculate the geometric phase of different quantum systems subject to energy decay, showing that it is robust against decoherence, which is in distinct contrast with previous results.
Based on a generic quantum open system model, we study the geometric nature of decoherence by defining a complex-valued geometric phase through stochastic pure states describing nonunitary, noncyclic, and nonadiabatic evolutions. The ensemble average of the complex geometric phases for the pure stochastic states yields a conventional geometric phase together with an amplitude factor. We show that the decoherence process described by the decaying amplitude can be a geometric quantity independent of the system's dynamics. It is a remarkable fact that the geometric phase of a quantum system can serve as an ideal realization of quantum gates due to its robustness against dynamical errors; however, in this paper we show that, for some open quantum systems, a desirable geometric phase may be accompanied by an unwanted robust geometric decoherence factor. Two exactly solvable models are studied to demonstrate that, while the decoherence is a purely dynamical effect for a dephasing two-level model, the decoherence in a dissipative two-level model can be a geometric process. Finally, we show that such a geometric decoherence effect may be eliminated by a nonperturbative control scheme.