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arXiv:quant-ph/0211120 · Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

Two-photon imaging and quantum holography

Gunnar G. Bjork, Jonas Söderholm, Luis Lorenzo Sánchez-Soto

Published May 29, 2004• 7 citations
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Abstract

It has been claimed that ``the use of entangled photons in an imaging system can exhibit effects that cannot be mimicked by any other two-photon source, whatever strength of the correlations between the two photons'' [A. F. Abouraddy, B. E. A. Saleh, A. V. Sergienko, and M. C. Teich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 123602 (2001)]. While we believe that the cited statement is true, we show that the method proposed in that paper, with ``bucket detection'' of one of the photons, will give identical results for entangled states as for appropriately prepared classically correlated states.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/6/6/003

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It has been claimed that the use of entangled photons in an imaging system can exhibit effects that cannot be mimicked by any other two-photon source, whatever strength of the correlations between the two photons'' [A. F. Abouraddy, B. E. A. Saleh, A. V. Sergienko, and M. C. Teich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 123602 (2001)]. While we believe that the cited statement is true, we show that the method proposed in that paper, with bucket detection'' of one of the photons, will give identical results for entangled states as for appropriately prepared classically correlated states.
The use of entangled photons in an imaging system can exhibit effects that cannot be mimicked by any other two-photon source, whatever the strength of the correlations between the two photons. We consider a two-photon imaging system in which one photon is used to probe a remote (transmissive or scattering) object, while the other serves as a reference. We discuss the role of entanglement versus correlation in such a setting, and demonstrate that entanglement is a prerequisite for achieving distributed quantum imaging.
Coincidence imaging is a technique that extracts an image of a test system from the statistics of photons transmitted by a reference system when the two systems are illuminated by a source possessing appropriate correlations. It has recently been argued that quantum entangled sources are necessary for the implementation of this technique. We show that this technique does not require entanglement, and we provide an experimental demonstration of coincidence imaging using a classical source. We further find that any kind of coincidence imaging technique which uses a "bucket" detector in the test arm is incapable of imaging phase-only objects, whether a classical or quantum source is employed.
Quantum imaging usually refers to imaging that takes advantage of quantum entanglement to obtain results beyond the classically achievable limits [1]. Various complex experimental setups are used to obtain quantum images, and even more complex experimental setups are used when the goal is to record and retrieve the phase information of the object. Classical holography offers the possibility to record and retrieve phase information from a hologram [2]. However, in low-light conditions, a major challenge is to record images with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Classical schemes [3]–[5], of course, do not aim to demonstrate the quantum properties of the experiments, and quantum schemes [6]–[8] rely on complex preparation of the light beam and do not necessarily provide an advantage for holographic imaging. To date, no simple quantum scheme with quantum advantage has been developed for low-light holographic imaging.
The correlated imaging is an interesting topic.Whether second correlated imaging is a pure quantum effect or classical effect is still implicit.One phenomenon of quantum theory or classical theory,which is an interesting topic.This paper analyses three correlated imaging schemes together.The first two schemes can be achieved by two-photon which is classical correlated or quantum entangled and the third one can only be achieved by entangled two-photon.Through the comparison of these schemes,we find that entangled two-photon which can be used in all the three schemes is correlated both in position and momentum.However,the classical correlated two-photon only correlate in position or momentum,and only can be used in one scheme.
Since the early days of quantum mechanics, physicists have been puzzled by the counterintuitive consequences of entanglement. Quantum imaging is one of the most intriguing effects exhibiting the typical nonlocal behavior of entangled states and has in fact stimulated an intense debate regarding fundamental issues of quantum theory. Recently, particular attention has been given to the possibility of simulating quantum imaging classically, that is, without entanglement. The study of quantum imaging has also lead to useful practical applications such as high precision nonlocal timing-positioning and quantum lithography, in which measurements may achieve resolution even beyond the classical limits. In this paper, we first introduce the concept of quantum imaging and emphasize its peculiar quantum nature through a set of inequalities derived from the historical argument of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR). The EPR inequalities are the quantitative formulation of the very different physics governing entangled and separable systems. We show that two-photon imaging may achieve its fundamental limit only through nonlocal measurements realized on entangled photon pairs. Furthermore, we show that quantum imaging may be exploited to overcome the Rayleigh diffraction limit; this is the basic idea behind quantum lithography. Finally, we discuss the possibility of extending the coherent two-photon imaging typical of entangled photon pairs to incoherent coincidence imaging, by employing chaotic light. From an applicative viewpoint, chaotic radiation may represent the ideal candidate for mimicking quantum ghost imaging, provided adequate detection schemes are developed.