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arXiv:quant-ph/0207105 · Physical Review A

Ballistic matter waves with angular momentum: Exact solutions and applications

Christian Bracher, Tobias Kramer, M. Kleber

Published Apr 4, 2003• 35 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

An alternative description of quantum scattering processes rests on inhomogeneous terms amended to the Schr\"odinger equation. We detail the structure of sources that give rise to multipole scattering waves of definite angular momentum, and introduce pointlike multipole sources as their limiting case. We obtain results for ballistic scattering in an external uniform force field, where we provide analytical solutions for both the scattering waves and the integrated particle flux. Our theory directly applies to p-wave photodetachment in an electric field. Furthermore, illustrating the effects of extended sources, we predict some properties of vortex-bearing atom laser beams outcoupled from a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate under the influence of gravity.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.67.043601

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An alternative description of quantum scattering processes rests on inhomogeneous terms amended to the Schr"odinger equation. We detail the structure of sources that give rise to multipole scattering waves of definite angular momentum, and introduce pointlike multipole sources as their limiting case. We obtain results for ballistic scattering in an external uniform force field, where we provide analytical solutions for both the scattering waves and the integrated particle flux. Our theory directly applies to p-wave photodetachment in an electric field. Furthermore, illustrating the effects of extended sources, we predict some properties of vortex-bearing atom laser beams outcoupled from a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate under the influence of gravity.
Abstract. An alternative description of quantum scattering processes rests on inhomogeneous terms amended to the Schrödinger equation. We detail the structure of sources that give rise to multipole scattering waves of definite angular momentum, and introduce pointlike multipole sources as their limiting case. Partial wave theory is recovered for freely propagating particles. We obtain novel results for ballistic scattering in an external uniform force field, where we provide analytical solutions for both the scattering waves and the integrated particle flux. As an illustration of the theory, we predict some properties of vortex-bearing atom laser beams outcoupled from a rotating Bose–Einstein condensate under the influence of gravity. PACS numbers. 03.65.Nk — Scattering theory 03.75.-b — Matter waves 03.75.Fi — Phase coherent atomic ensembles; quantum condensation phenomena
Localized scattering phenomena may result in the formation of stationary matter waves originating from a compact region in physical space. Mathematically, such waves are advantageously expressed in terms of quantum sources that are introduced into the Schrödinger equation. The source formalism yields direct access to the scattering wavefunction, particle distribution and total current. As an example, we study emission from three-dimensional Gaussian sources into a homogeneous force field. This model describes the behaviour of an atom laser supplied by an ideal Bose-Einstein condensate under the influence of gravity. We predict a strong dependence of the beam profile on the condensate size and the presence of interference phenomena recently observed in photodetachment experiments.
In two recent papers exact Hermite-Gaussian solutions to relativistic wave equations were obtained for both electromagnetic and particle beams. The solutions for particle beams correspond to those of the Schr\"odinger equation in the nonrelativistic limit. Here, it will be shown that each beam particle has additional 4-momentum resulting from transverse localization compared to a free particle traveling in the same direction as the beam with the same speed. This will be referred to as the quantum 4-potential term since it will be shown to play an analogous role in relativistic Hamiltonian quantum mechanics as the Bohm potential in the nonrelativistic quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Low-order localization effects include orbital angular momentum, Gouy phase, and beam spreading. Toward a more systematic approach for calculating localization effects at all orders, it will be shown that both the electromagnetic and quantum 4-potentials couple into the canonical 4-momentum of a particle in a similar way. This offers the prospect that traditional methods used to calculate the affect of an electromagnetic field on a particle can now be adapted to take localization effects into account. The prospects for measuring higher order quantum 4-potential related effects experimentally are also discussed alongside some questions to challenge the quantum information and quantum field theorists.
We present a three-dimensional quantum-mechanical theory of radio-frequency-outcoupled atom lasers from trapped atomic gases in the presence of the gravitational force. Predictions for the total outcoupling rate as a function of the radio frequency and for the beam wave function are given. We establish a sum rule for the energy-integrated outcoupling, which leads to a separate determination of the coupling strength between the atoms and radiation field. For a noninteracting Bose-Einstein condensate analytic solutions are derived which are subsequently extended to include the effects of atomic interactions. The interactions enhance interference effects in the beam profile and modify the outcoupling rate of the atom laser. We provide a complete quantum-mechanical solution which is in line with experimental findings and allows us to determine the validity of commonly used approximative methods. We also extend the formalism to a fermionic atom laser and analyze the effect of superfluidity on the outcoupling of atoms.
In this chapter we discuss the quantum theory of scattering of incident particles from the target where an incident beam has point particles, scattering is elastic, the scattering potential is time independent, there is no multiple scattering, and the interaction between an incident particle and a scattering center is described by the potential that depends only on relative positions of particles. Scattering cross-section and frame of reference, asymptotic expansion of wave function and formal expression for scattering amplitude, partial wave analysis, integral equation, and the Born approximation are covered in the chapter, in a broader sense. Free particle and asymptotic solutions, scattering amplitude and phase shift, optical theorem, scattering length, phase shift and its interpretation, scattering by a square well potential and by hard sphere potential, and interpretation of the phase shift and its expression are explained with the use of partial wave analysis. Scattering from bare and screened potentials within the Born approximation, validity of the Born approximation, and the transformation from the center of a mass coordinate system to a laboratory coordinate system are written towards the end of the chapter.