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arXiv:quant-ph/0206069 · Physical Review Letters

Parameter Scaling in the Decoherent Quantum-Classical Transition for Chaotic Systems

Arjendu K. Pattanayak, Bala Sundaram, Benjamin D. Greenbaum

Published Jan 10, 2003• 31 citations
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Abstract

The quantum to classical transition for a system depends on many parameters, including a scale length for its action, variant Planck's over 2 pi, a measure of its coupling to the environment, D, and, for chaotic systems, the classical Lyapunov exponent, lambda. We propose measuring the proximity of quantum and classical evolutions as a multivariate function of (Planck's over 2 pi,lambda,D) and searching for transformations that collapse this hypersurface into a function of a composite parameter zeta= Planck's over 2 pi alpha)lambda beta D gamma. We report results for the quantum Cat Map and Duffing oscillator, showing accurate scaling behavior over a wide parameter range, indicating that this may be used to construct universality classes for this transition.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.90.014103

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The quantum to classical transition for a system depends on many parameters, including a scale length for its action, variant Planck's over 2 pi, a measure of its coupling to the environment, D, and, for chaotic systems, the classical Lyapunov exponent, lambda. We propose measuring the proximity of quantum and classical evolutions as a multivariate function of (Planck's over 2 pi,lambda,D) and searching for transformations that collapse this hypersurface into a function of a composite parameter zeta= Planck's over 2 pi alpha)lambda beta D gamma. We report results for the quantum Cat Map and Duffing oscillator, showing accurate scaling behavior over a wide parameter range, indicating that this may be used to construct universality classes for this transition.
We numerically investigated the quantum-classical transition in rf-superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) systems coupled to a dissipative environment. It is found that chaos emerges and the degree of chaos, the maximal Lyapunov exponent lambda(m), exhibits nonmonotonic behavior as a function of the coupling strength D. By measuring the proximity of quantum and classical evolution with the uncertainty of dynamics, we show that the uncertainty is a monotonic function of lambda(m)/D. In addition, the scaling holds in SQUID systems to a relatively smaller variant Planck's over [symbol: see text], suggesting the universality for this scaling.
In this paper we introduce a diagnostic for measuring the quantum-classical difference for open quantum systems, which is the normalized size of the quantum terms in the Master equation for Wigner function evolution. For a driven Duffing oscillator, this measure shows remarkably precise scaling over long time-scales with the parameter ζ0=ℏ2/Dζ_0=\hbar^2/Dζ0​=ℏ2/D. We also see that, independent of ζ0ζ_0ζ0​ the dynamics follows a similar pattern. For small ζ0ζ_0ζ0​ all of our curves collapses to essentially a single curve when scaled by the maximum value of the quantum-classical difference. In both limits of large and small ζ0ζ_0ζ0​ we see a saturation effect in the size of the quantum-classical difference; that is, the instantaneous difference between quantum and classical evolutions cannot be either too small or too large.
We study the quantum-to-classical transition in a chaotic system surrounded by a diffusive environment. First, we analyze the emergence of classicality when it is monitored by the Renyi entropy, a measure of the entanglement of a system with its environment. We show that the Renyi entropy has a transition from quantum to classical behavior that scales with heff2D, where heff is the effective Planck constant and D is the strength of the noise. However, it was recently shown that a different scaling law controls the quantum-to-classical transition when it is measured comparing the corresponding phase-space distributions. Then, we discuss the meaning of both scalings in the precise definition of a frontier between the classical and quantum behaviors. Finally, we show that there are quantum coherences that the Renyi entropy is unable to detect, which questions its use in studies of decoherence.
Using the decoherence formalism of Gell-Mann and Hartle, a quantum system is found which is the equivalent of the classical chaotic Duffing oscillator. The similarities and the differences from the classical oscillator are examined; in particular, a new concept of quantum maps is introduced, and alterations in the classical strange attractor due to the presence of scale- dependent quantum effects are studied. Classical quantities such as the Lyapunov exponents and fractal dimension are examined, and quantum analogs are suggested. These results are generalized into a framework for quantum dissipative chaos, and there is a brief discussion of other work in this area.
We study how decoherence rules the quantum-classical transition of the kicked harmonic oscillator. The system presents classical dynamics that ranges from regular to strong chaotic behavior depending on the amplitude of the kicks. We show that for regular and mixed classical dynamics, and in the presence of noise, the distance between the classical and quantum phase space distributions is proportional to a single parameter chi identical to K Planck's (eff)(2)/4D(3/2) , which relates the effective Planck constant, Planck's (eff), to the kicking strength, K, and the diffusion constant, D. This relation between classical and quantum distributions is valid when chi<1 , a case that is always attainable in the semiclassical regime, independent of the value of the strength of noise given by D. Our results extend a recent study performed in the chaotic regime.
A fundamental requirement for the emergence of classical behavior from an underlying quantum description is that certain observed quantum systems make a transition to chaotic dynamics as their action is increased relative to $\ensuremath{\hbar}$. While experiments have demonstrated some aspects of this transition, the emergence of quantum trajectories with a positive Lyapunov exponent has never been observed directly. Here, we remove a major obstacle to achieving this goal by showing that, for the Duffing oscillator, the transition to a positive Lyapunov exponent can be resolved clearly from observed trajectories even with measurement efficiencies as low as 20%. We also find that the positive Lyapunov exponent is robust to highly mixed, low-purity states and to variations in the parameters of the system.