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arXiv:quant-ph/0206001 · Europhysics Letters (EPL)

The role of entanglement in dynamical evolution

Vittorio Giovannetti, Seth Lloyd, Lorenzo Maccone

Published Jun 1, 2003• 82 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Entanglement or entanglement-generating interactions permit to achieve the maximum allowed speed in the dynamical evolution of a composite system, when the energy resources are distributed among subsystems. The cases of pre-existing entanglement and of entanglement-building interactions are separately addressed. The role of classical correlations is also discussed.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2003-00418-8

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Entanglement or entanglement-generating interactions permit to achieve the maximum allowed speed in the dynamical evolution of a composite system, when the energy resources are distributed among subsystems. The cases of pre-existing entanglement and of entanglement-building interactions are separately addressed. The role of classical correlations is also discussed.
The time needed by a quantum system to reach a state fully distinguishable from the original one provides a natural way of determining how fast the corresponding dynamical evolution is. This orthogonality time admits a lower bound, expressible in terms of the energy's expectation value and the energy's standard deviation, that yields a 'quantum speed limit'. Composite quantum systems need entanglement in order to achieve this limit. So far, most studies on the connection between entanglement and the quantum speed limit have focused on the case of non-interacting systems. The connection between quantum speed and entanglement is systematically investigated here for the case of a system of two interacting qubits, taking into consideration all possible initial states that evolve into an orthogonal one.
Entanglement plays a fundamental role in the brachistochrone evolution of composite quantum systems. In the case of composite systems with distinguishable subsystems quantum brachistochrone evolutions cannot be implemented without entanglement, excepting trivial cases in which only one of the subsystems evolves. Here we explore the connection between entanglement and time-optimal quantum evolution for systems of two identical particles, elucidating its dependence on the type of statistics obeyed by the particles.
Interacting quantum systems evolving from an uncorrelated composite initial state generically develop quantum correlations---entanglement. As a consequence, a local description of interacting quantum systems is impossible as a rule. A unitarily evolving (isolated) quantum system generically develops extensive entanglement: the magnitude of the generated entanglement will increase without bounds with the effective Hilbert space dimension of the system. It is conceivable that coupling of the interacting subsystems to local dephasing environments will restrict the generation of entanglement to such extent that the evolving composite system may be considered as approximately disentangled. This conjecture is addressed in the context of some common models of a bipartite system with linear and nonlinear interactions and local coupling to dephasing environments. Analytical and numerical results obtained imply that the conjecture is generally false. Open dynamics of the quantum correlations is compared to the corresponding evolution of the classical correlations and a qualitative difference is found.
There exists an interesting relationship between entanglement and the time evolution of composite quantum systems: quantum entanglement enhances the 'speed' of evolution of certain quantum states, as measured by the time needed to reach an orthogonal state. Previous research done on this subject has been focused upon comparing extreme cases (highly entangled states versus separable states) or upon bi-partite systems. In the present contribution we explore the aforementioned connection (between entanglement and time evolution) in the cases of two-qubits and N -qubits systems, taking into account states of intermediate entanglement. In particular, we investigate a family of energetically symmetric states of low entanglement that saturate the quantum speed bound. We show that, as the number of qubits increases, very little entanglement is needed to reach the quantum speed limit.