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arXiv:quant-ph/0205160 · Physical Review A

Generalization of the geometric phase to completely positive maps

Marie Ericsson, Erik Sjöqvist, Johan Brännlund, Daniel K. L. Oi, Arun Kumar Pati

Published Feb 24, 2003• 101 citations
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Abstract

We generalize the notion of relative phase to completely positive (CP) maps with known unitary representation, based on interferometry. Parallel transport conditions that define the geometric phase for such maps are introduced. The interference effect is embodied in a set of interference patterns defined by flipping the environment state in one of the two paths. We show for the qubit that this structure gives rise to interesting additional information about the geometry of the evolution defined by the CP map.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.67.020101

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We generalize the notion of relative phase to completely positive (CP) maps with known unitary representation, based on interferometry. Parallel transport conditions that define the geometric phase for such maps are introduced. The interference effect is embodied in a set of interference patterns defined by flipping the environment state in one of the two paths. We show for the qubit that this structure gives rise to interesting additional information about the geometry of the evolution defined by the CP map.
Mixed states typically arise when quantum systems interact with the outside world. Evolution of open quantum systems in general are described by quantum operations which are represented by completely positive maps. We elucidate the notion of geometric phase for a quantum system described by a mixed state undergoing unitary evolution and non-unitary evolutions. We discuss parallel transport condition for mixed states both in the case of unitary maps and completely positive maps. We find that the relative phase shift of a system not only depends on the state of the system, but also depends on the initial state of the ancilla with which it might have interacted in the past. The geometric phase change during a sequence of quantum operations is shown to be non-additive in nature. This property can attribute a "memory" to a quantum channel. We explore these ideas and illustrate them with simple examples.
We define an operational notion of phases in interferometry for a quantum system undergoing a completely positive non-unitary evolution. This definition is based on the concepts of quantum measurement theory. The suitable generalization of the Pancharatnan connection allows us to determine the dynamical and geometrical parts of the total phase between two states linked by a completely positive map. These results reduce to the known expressions of the total, dynamical and geometrical phases for pure and mixed states evolving unitarily.
The problem of a geometric phase for an open quantum system is reinvestigated in a unifying approach. Two of the existing methods to define geometric phase, one by Uhlmann's approach and the other by a kinematic approach, which have been considered to be distinct, are shown to be related in this framework. The method is based upon purification of a density matrix by its uniform decomposition and a generalization of the parallel transport condition obtained from this decomposition. It is shown that the generalized parallel transport condition can be satisfied when Uhlmann's condition holds. However, it does not mean that all solutions of the generalized parallel transport condition are compatible with those of Uhlmann's. It is also shown how to recover the earlier known definitions of geometric phase as well as how to generalize them when degeneracy exists and varies in time.
The time evolution of an initially uncorrelated system is governed by a completely positive (CP) map. More generally, the system may contain initial (quantum) correlations with an environment, in which case the system evolves according to a not-completely positive (NCP) map. It is an interesting question what the relative measure is for these two types of maps within the set of positive maps. After indicating the scope of the full problem of computing the true volume for generic maps acting on a qubit, we study the case of Pauli channels in an abstract space whose elements represent an equivalence class of maps that are identical up to a non-Pauli unitary. In this space, we show that the volume of NCP maps is twice that of CP maps.