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arXiv:quant-ph/0202082

The system with discrete interactions I: Some comments about the principles of quantum theory

Yudin, M

Published Feb 15, 2002• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The model of the physical system with discrete interactions is based on the postulates that (i) parameters of the physical system are defined in process of its interaction; (ii) the process of interaction is discrete. Consequently ordering of the events in the system is not automatically implied based on the values of time, but must be specified explicitly. This suggests the specific logic of events as well as complex character of the function, which describes stochastic behavior of the system, hence the parameters of the system are defined by Hermitian operators in the Hilbert space of functions. The model gives an essential way to introduce the basic notions and obtain the results of the quantum theory, to derive the meaning of the main physical parameters, such as momentum or electric charge. Based on the proposed postulates, Schrodinger equation for the particle is deduced in a way similar to inferring of Smoluchowski equation in the classical statistical mechanics. Similarly, the equations of motion of linear fields are established by considering Smoluchowski-type equations for amplitudes of harmonics. The concept of discrete interaction gives a way to de-couple the object of experiment and a testing device (the traditional source of controversy in quantum theory), though at expense of limitation of the principle of locality.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0202082

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The model of the physical system with discrete interactions is based on the postulates that (i) parameters of the physical system are defined in process of its interaction; (ii) the process of interaction is discrete. Consequently ordering of the events in the system is not automatically implied based on the values of time, but must be specified explicitly. This suggests the specific logic of events as well as complex character of the function, which describes stochastic behavior of the system, hence the parameters of the system are defined by Hermitian operators in the Hilbert space of functions. The model gives an essential way to introduce the basic notions and obtain the results of the quantum theory, to derive the meaning of the main physical parameters, such as momentum or electric charge. Based on the proposed postulates, Schrodinger equation for the particle is deduced in a way similar to inferring of Smoluchowski equation in the classical statistical mechanics. Similarly, the equations of motion of linear fields are established by considering Smoluchowski-type equations for amplitudes of harmonics. The concept of discrete interaction gives a way to de-couple the object of experiment and a testing device (the traditional source of controversy in quantum theory), though at expense of limitation of the principle of locality.
It is shown that to Schrödinger's equation, one may associate a Markoff process in the Smoluchowski approximation with an external force acting on the system which is a measure of its interaction with the vacuum. This interaction is, in this scheme, responsible for the stochastic character of the motion. The physical interpretation of the usual momentum and energy operators emerges in a natural way from the theory. Thus, we are immediately led to Heisenberg's uncertainty relations. However, this interpretation of quantum mechanics is valid only within the limits of validity of Smoluchowski's equation. As a simple example, we treat the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator.
The Schrodinger equation has been considered to be a postulate of quantum physics, but it is also perceived and derived heuristically as the quantum equivalent of the classical energy relation. We indicate that the Schrodinger equation cannot be a physical postulate, and we show that the heuristic derivations wrongly consider that the particle kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the momentum operator acting on the wavefunction. The correct term is proportional to the square of the momentum. Analyzing particle interactions, we realize that particles have multiple virtual motions and that each motion is accompanied by a wave that has constant amplitude. Accordingly, we define the wavefunction as the superposition of the virtual waves of the particle. As a result, quantum mechanics becomes a local and global theory, while in the traditional formulation it is a local theory. In several interaction settings we can tell what particle motions arise and explain the outcomes in simple and tangible terms. Most importantly, the mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics becomes clear and justified, and we derive the Schrodinger, Dirac, etc. equations as the conditions the wavefunction must satisfy at each space-time point in order to fulfill the respective total energy equation.
A physical theory is proposed that obeys both the principles of special relativity and of quantum mechanics. As a key feature, the laws are formulated in terms of quantum events rather than of particle states. Temporal and spatial coordinates of a quantum event are treated on equal footing, namely as self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. The theory is not based upon Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics, and breaks with the concept of a continuously flowing time. The physical object under consideration is a spinless particle exposed to an external potential. The theory also accounts for particle-antiparticle pair creation and annihilation, and is therefore not a single-particle theory in the usual sense. The Maxwell equations are derived as a straightforward consequence of certain fundamental commutation relations. In the non-relativistic limit and in the limit of vanishing time uncertainty, the Schrödinger equation of a spinless particle exposed to an external electromagnetic field is obtained.
A physical theory is proposed that obeys both the principles of special relativity and of quantum mechanics. Time and space are treated on exactly the same footing, namely as quantum mechanical observables on a Hilbert space. The theory is not based upon Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics and cannot be formulated within the framework of unitary dynamics. As a most important aspect, the theory breaks with the concept of a continuously flowing time in favour of a discrete jump process in spacetime. All physical statements are formulated in terms of detector events rather than particle states. The physical object under consideration is a spinless particle in empty space. Yet the theory also accounts for particle-antiparticle pair creation and annihilation, and is therefore not a single-particle theory in the strict sense. The Maxwell equations are derived as a straightforward consequence of some fundamental commutation relations. In the non-relativistic limit, and in the limit of infinitely small time uncertainties, one obtains the familiar Schr\\"odinger equation of a spinless particle exposed to an external electromagnetic field.
We consider stochastic variational principles for random processes taking values on a discrete configuration space. For a suitable time-reversal-invariant choice of the stochastic action, the resulting programming equations can be related to the Schr\"odinger equation for a discrete system. If the discrete system is considered as an approximation of a continuous system, then the limit reproduces Nelson's stochastic mechanics and allows one to derive the assumptions on the random noise acting on the system. In fact, the variational principle also gives information about the osmotic behavior of the process. Finally, we show that there are also critical processes whose behavior can be interpreted as a model for quantum measurement, because they relax in time to mixtures of processes. Therefore, stochastic variational principles can provide a very simple conceptual model simulating quantum behavior, both from the point of view of unperturbed time evolution and of the measurement phenomena leading to wave-function collapse.
It is shown that the motion of a Brownian particle in the Smoluchowski approximation may be described by a Schrödinger-like equation defining a complex probability amplitude whose norm is the same as the stochastic probability density. Furthermore, the quantum dynamical operators have a physical meaning which arises in a natural way, from the stochastic nature of the process. These operators satisfy the usual commutation relations and thus the uncertainty principle. Here the constant ℏ is replaced by a parameter depending on the characteristics of the system. In particular, the potential-energy operator for a Brownian particle subject to no external forces can be interpreted as a Rayleigh dissipative function.