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arXiv:quant-ph/0202062 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Identical particle states in the probability representation of quantum mechanics

Vladimir I. Man’ko, Luigi Rosa, Patrizia Vitale

Published Dec 12, 2002• 4 citations
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Abstract

We study the symmetry properties under permutation of tomograms describing the states of a system of identical particles in the probability representation. Starting from the action of the permutation group on the density matrix, we define its action on the tomographic probability distribution. Explicit calculations are performed for the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/36/1/317

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We study the symmetry properties under permutation of tomograms describing the states of a system of identical particles in the probability representation. Starting from the action of the permutation group on the density matrix, we define its action on the tomographic probability distribution. Explicit calculations are performed for the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator.
The connection between the exclusion principle and the principle of indistinguishability of identical particles in quantum mechanics is discussed. It is shown with the aid of a density matrix defined for states with arbitrary permutation symmetry that the particles are indistinguishable only for one-dimensional representations of the permutation group (symmetrical and antisymmetrycal), and are distinguishable in all the states that are degenerate in the permutations. It is demonstrated by the same token that the exclusion principle follows from the principle of indistinguishability of identical particles and the Pauli theorem on the connection between spin and statistics.
We review the probabilistic representation of quantum mechanics within which states are described by the probability distribution rather than by the wavefunction and density matrix. Uncertainty relations have been obtained in the form of integral inequalities containing measurable optical tomograms of quantum states. Formulas for the transition probabilities and purity parameter have been derived in terms of the tomographic probability distributions. Inequalities for Shannon and Rényi entropies associated with quantum tomograms have been obtained. A scheme of the star product of tomograms has been developed.
Starting from the famous Pauli problem on the possibility of associating quantum states with probabilities, the formulation of quantum mechanics in which quantum states are described by fair probability distributions (tomograms, i.e. tomographic probabilities) is reviewed in a pedagogical style. The relation between the quantum state description and the classical state description is elucidated. The difference between those sets of tomograms is described by inequalities equivalent to a complete set of uncertainty relations for the quantum domain and to non-negativity of probability density on phase space in the classical domain. The intersection of such sets is studied. The mathematical mechanism that allows us to construct different kinds of tomographic probabilities like symplectic tomograms, spin tomograms, photon number tomograms, etc is clarified and a connection with abstract Hilbert space properties is established. The superposition rule and uncertainty relations in terms of probabilities as well as quantum basic equations like quantum evolution and energy spectra equations are given in an explicit form. A method to check experimentally the uncertainty relations is suggested using optical tomograms. Entanglement phenomena and the connection with semigroups acting on simplexes are studied in detail for spin states in the case of two-qubits. The star-product formalism is associated with the tomographic probability formulation of quantum mechanics.
The tomographic map of quantum state of a system with several degrees of freedom which depends on one random variable, analogous to center of mass considered in rotated and scaled reference frame in the phase space, is constructed. Time evolution equation of the tomogram for this map is given in explicit form. Properties of the map like the transition probabilities between the different states and relation to the star product formalism are elucidated. Example of multimode oscillator is considered in details. Symmetry properties in respect to identical particles permutations are discussed in the framework of proposed tomography scheme.
In view of the probabilistic quantizer–dequantizer operators introduced, the qubit states (spin-1/2 particle states, two-level atom states) realizing the irreducible representation of the S U ( 2 ) symmetry group are identified with probability distributions (including the conditional ones) of classical-like dichotomic random variables. The dichotomic random variables are spin-1/2 particle projections m = ± 1 / 2 onto three perpendicular directions in the space. The invertible maps of qubit density operators onto fair probability distributions are constructed. In the suggested probability representation of quantum states, the Schrödinger and von Neumann equations for the state vectors and density operators are presented in explicit forms of the linear classical-like kinetic equations for the probability distributions of random variables. The star-product and quantizer–dequantizer formalisms are used to study the qubit properties; such formalisms are discussed for photon tomographic probability distribution and its correspondence to the Heisenberg–Weyl symmetry properties.
We consider the problem of the driven harmonic oscillator in the probability representation of quantum mechanics, where the oscillator states are described by fair nonnegative probability distributions of position measured in rotated and squeezed reference frames in the system's phase space. For some specific oscillator states like coherent states and nth excited states, the tomographic-probability distributions (called the state tomograms) are found in an explicit form. The evolution equation for the tomograms is discussed for the classical and quantum driven oscillators, and the tomographic propagator for this equation is studied.