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arXiv:quant-ph/0110094

Bell Inequalities and Pseudo-functional densities

JF Geurdes

Published Oct 15, 2001• 4 citations
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Abstract

A local hidden variable model with pseudo-functional density function restricted to a binary probability event space is demonstrated to be able to reproduce the quantum correlation in an Einstein Podolsky Rosen Bohm and Aharonov type of experiment. In the density function use is made of Hadamard's finite part which disables the possibility to derive Bell's inequality from models with such a type of density function.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0110094

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A local hidden variable model with pseudo-functional density function restricted to a binary probability event space is demonstrated to be able to reproduce the quantum correlation in an Einstein Podolsky Rosen Bohm and Aharonov type of experiment. In the density function use is made of Hadamard's finite part which disables the possibility to derive Bell's inequality from models with such a type of density function.
Cooperative multiparticle quantum states in an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen type of experiment are shown to violate a Bell inequality. Thus correlations can occur between wave packets each having NNN bosons which cannot be explained within local hidden-variable theories. This provides a way to test quantum measurement theory for multiparticle states. In these states, a local, positive probability distribution exists for all NNN. However, the representation of correlations with this probability distribution is different from that in standard (Bell-type) hidden-variable theories.
The celebrated inequalities of Bell are based on the assumption that local hidden parameters exist. When combined with conflicting experimental results, these inequalities appear to prove that local hidden parameters cannot exist. This contradiction suggests to many that only instantaneous action at a distance can explain the Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen type of experiments. We show that, in addition to the assumption that hidden parameters exist, Bell tacitly makes a variety of other assumptions that contribute to his being able to obtain the desired contradiction. For instance, Bell assumes that the hidden parameters do not depend on time and are governed by a single probability measure independent of the analyzer settings. We argue that the exclusion of time has neither a physical nor a mathematical basis but is based on Bell's translation of the concept of Einstein locality into the language of probability theory. Our additional set of local hidden variables includes time-like correlated parameters and a generalized probability density. We prove that our extended space of local hidden variables does not permit Bell-type proofs to go forward.
We construct a hidden variable model for the EPR correlations using a Restricted Boltzmann Machine. The model reproduces the expected correlations and thus violates the Bell inequality, as required by Bell's theorem. Unlike most hidden-variable models, this model does not violate the localitylocalitylocality assumption in Bell's argument. Rather, it violates measurementmeasurementmeasurement independenceindependenceindependence, albeit in a decidedly non-conspiratorial way.
The usual Bell-type inequalities involve correlations between observables. Inequalities of the Bell-type are presented which involve correlations between the probabilities associated with states and which can be used as a test for hidden variables in quantum mechanics independent of the Bell inequalities. The inequalities are universal in the sense that they are valid for all separable metric state spaces, as opposed to the usual Bell inequalities whose specific form is a function of the state space of the candidate classical model. The inequalities are harder to prove than the usual Bell-type inequalities because no essential restrictions on the state space are made.
Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) have designed a gedanken experiment that suggested a theory that was more complete than quantum mechanics. The EPR design was later realized in various forms, with experimental results close to the quantum mechanical prediction. The experimental results by themselves have no bearing on the EPR claim that quantum mechanics must be incomplete nor on the existence of hidden parameters. However, the well known inequalities of Bell are based on the assumption that local hidden parameters exist and, when combined with conflicting experimental results, do appear to prove that local hidden parameters cannot exist. This fact leaves only instantaneous actions at a distance (called "spooky" by Einstein) to explain the experiments. The Bell inequalities are based on a mathematical model of the EPR experiments. They have no experimental confirmation, because they contradict the results of all EPR experiments. In addition to the assumption that hidden parameters exist, Bell tacitly makes a variety of other assumptions; for instance, he assumes that the hidden parameters are governed by a single probability measure independent of the analyzer settings. We argue that the mathematical model of Bell excludes a large set of local hidden variables and a large variety of probability densities. Our set of local hidden variables includes time-like correlated parameters and a generalized probability density. We prove that our extended space of local hidden variables does permit derivation of the quantum result and is consistent with all known experiments.
In derivating of Bell’s inequalities, the probability distribution is supposed to be a function only of a hidden variable. We point out that the true implication of the probability distribution of Bell’s correlation function is the distribution of joint measurement outcomes on the two sides. It is therefore a function of both the hidden variable and the settings. In this case, Bell’s inequalities fail. Our further analysis shows that Bell’s locality holds neither for dependent events nor for independent events. We think that the measurements of EPR pairs are dependent events, and hence violation of Bell’s inequalities cannot rule out the existence of local hidden variable. To explain the results of EPR-type experiments, we suppose that a polarization-entangled photon pair can be composed of two circularly or linearly polarized photons with correlated hidden variables, and a couple of experiments of quantum measurement are proposed. The first uses delayed measurement on one photon of the EPR pair to demonstrate directly whether measurement on the other could have any nonlocal influence on it. Then several experiments are suggested to reveal the components of the polarization-entangled photon pair. The last one uses successive polarization measurements on a pair of EPR photons to show that two photons with the same quantum state behave the same under the same measuring conditions.