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arXiv:quant-ph/0106101

Strong twin events in mixed-state entanglement

Fedor Herbut

Published Jun 18, 2001• 1 citation
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Abstract

Continuing the study of mixed-state entanglement in terms of opposite-subsystem observables the measurement of one of which amounts to the same as that of the other (so-called twins), begun in a recent article, so-called strong twin events, which imply biorthogonal mixing of states, are defined and studied. It is shown that for each mixed state there exists a Schmidt canonical (super state vector) expansion in terms of Hermitian operators, and that it can be the continuation of the mentioned biorthogonal mixing due to strong twins. The case of weak twins and nonhermitian Schmidt canonical expansion is also investigated. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of nontrivial twins for separable states is derived.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0106101

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Continuing the study of mixed-state entanglement in terms of opposite-subsystem observables the measurement of one of which amounts to the same as that of the other (so-called twins), begun in a recent article, so-called strong twin events, which imply biorthogonal mixing of states, are defined and studied. It is shown that for each mixed state there exists a Schmidt canonical (super state vector) expansion in terms of Hermitian operators, and that it can be the continuation of the mentioned biorthogonal mixing due to strong twins. The case of weak twins and nonhermitian Schmidt canonical expansion is also investigated. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of nontrivial twins for separable states is derived.
The study of mixed-state quantum correlations in terms of opposite-subsystem observables - the measurement of one of which amounts to the same as that of the other - of so-called twins is continued. Twin events that imply biorthogonal mixing of states, called `strong twin events', are studied. It is shown that for each mixed state there exists a Schmidt (super-state-vector) decomposition in terms of Hermitian operators, and that it can be the continuation of the above-mentioned biorthogonal mixing due to strong twins. The case of weak twins and non-Hermitian Schmidt decomposition is also investigated. For separable states a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of nontrivial twins is derived. Utilization of the Hermitian Schmidt decomposition for finding all twins is illustrated in full detail for the case of the two spin-half-particle states with maximally disordered subsystems (mixtures of Bell states). It is shown that only rank-two mixtures have nontrivial twins.
It is pointed out that every mixed state statistical operator is, up to a normalization constant, a super state vector in the Hilbert space of linear Hilbert-Schmidt operators acting in the state space of the quantum system. Hence, the well understood Schmidt canonical expansion of ordinary state vectors can be carried over to mixed states. In particular, it can be utilized for evaluating all the twins, i. e., the opposite-subsystem observables the measurement of one of which is, on account of entanglement, ipso facto also a measurement of the other. This is illustrated in full detail in the case of the Horodecki two spin-one-half-particle states with maximally disordered subsystems.
An elaborated review with proofs of Schmidt canonical decomposition of any bipartite state vector is approached through general subsystem basis expansion. The upgraded forms of Schmidt decomposition in terms of correlation operator and twin observables are presented in detail. The discussion is extended to distant measurement, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen states and Schrödinger's steering. All claims and proofs are given in standard form unlike in the previous articles of the author where all results were obtained utilizing the very rarely used antilinear Hilbert–Schmidt maps of one subsystem state space into the other. For practical reasons the formalism of partial traces with their rules and reduced density operators together with correlation operator are used. Quanta 2018; 7: 19–39.
Twin observables are opposite subsystem observables A + and A - if they are indistinguishable in measurement in a given mixed or pure state ρ in the sense that the measurement of one amounts to the same as the measurement of the other (direct measurement and so-called distant measurement, respectively). It is pointed out that twin observables may reveal quantum correlations that give rise to the disappearance of interference in the two-slit experiment. Twin observables in general states are investigated in detail algebraically and geometrically. It is shown that there is a far-reaching correspondence between the detectable (in ρ) spectral entities of the two operators. Twin observables are state-dependently quantum-logically equivalent, and the direct subsystem measurement of one of them ipso facto gives rise to the indirect (i.e. distant) measurement of the other. Existence of nontrivial twins requires a singularity of ρ. Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium do not admit subsystem twins. These observables may enable one to simplify the matrix representing ρ.
Abstract. Twin observables, i.e. opposite subsystem observables A+ and A− that are indistinguishable in measurement in a given mixed or pure state ρ, are investigated in detail algebraicly and geometrically. It is shown that there is a farreaching correspondence between the detectable (in ρ) spectral entities of the two operators. Twin observables are state-dependently quantum-logically equivalent, and direct subsystem measurement of one of them ipso facto gives rise to the indirect (i.e. distant) measurement of the other. Existence of nontrivial twins requires singularity of ρ. Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium do not admit subsystem twins. These observables may enable one to simplify the matrix representing ρ.