Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:quant-ph/0101130 · Physical Review A

Understanding the production of dual Bose-Einstein condensation with sympathetic cooling

Guillaume Delannoy, S. G. Murdoch, Vincent Boyer, Vincent Josse, Philippe Bouyer, Alain Aspect

Published Apr 9, 2001• 66 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We show, both experimentally and theoretically, that sympathetic cooling of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in the $|{F=2,m}_{F}=2〉$ state by evaporatively cooled atoms in the $|{F=1,m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1〉$ state can be precisely controlled so as to produce a condensate in either or both states. We also study the thermalization rate between two species. Our model renders a quantitative account of the observed role of the overlap between the two clouds and verifies that sympathetic cooling becomes inefficient when the masses are very different. Our calculation also yields an analytical expression of the thermalization rate for a single species.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.63.051602

Related papers

Bose-Einstein Condensation of Potassium Atoms by Sympathetic Cooling

Giovanni Carlo Modugno, G. Ferrari, G. Roati +3 more

We report on the Bose-Einstein condensation of potassium atoms, whereby quantum degeneracy is achieved by sympathetic cooling with evaporatively cooled rubidium. Because of the rapid thermalization of the two different atoms, the efficiency of the cooling process is high. The ability to achieve condensation by sympathetic cooling with a different species may provide a route to the production of degenerate systems with a larger choice of components.

Science•Nov 9, 2001•485 citations

Production of Two Overlapping Bose-Einstein Condensates by Sympathetic Cooling

Christopher J. Myatt, Eric A. Burt, R. W. Ghrist +2 more

A new apparatus featuring a double magneto-optic trap and an Ioffe-type magnetic trap was used to create condensates of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ atoms in either of the $|F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2,m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2〉$ or $|F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1,m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}1〉$ spin states of ${}^{87}$Rb. Overlapping condensates of the two states were also created using nearly lossless sympathetic cooling of one state via thermal contact with the other evaporatively cooled state. We observed that (i) the scattering length of the $|1,\ensuremath{-}1〉$ state is positive, (ii) the rate constant for binary inelastic collisions between the two states is $2.2(9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$, and (iii) there is a repulsive interaction between the two condensates. Similarities and differences between the behaviors of the two spin states are observed.

Physical Review Letters•Jan 27, 1997•1,225 citations

Dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of K 41 and Rb 87 in a hybrid trap

A. Burchianti, Chiara D’Errico, S. Rosi +4 more

We report on the production of a $^{41}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate in a hybrid trap, consisting of a magnetic quadrupole and an optical dipole potential. After loading both atomic species in the trap, we cool down $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ first by magnetic and then by optical evaporation, while $^{41}\mathrm{K}$ is sympathetically cooled by elastic collisions with $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$. We eventually produce two-component condensates with more than ${10}^{5}$ atoms and tunable species population imbalance. We observe the immiscibility of the quantum mixture by measuring the density profile of each species after releasing them from the trap.

arXiv:1810.08394•Physical Review A•Dec 12, 2018•38 citations

Tunable dual-species Bose-Einstein condensates of K39 and Rb87

L. J. Wacker, Nils B. Jørgensen, Dorthe Birkmose +6 more

We present the production of dual-species Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ and $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$. Preparation of both species in the $\left|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1\right\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state enabled us to exploit a total of three Feshbach resonances, which allows for simultaneous Feshbach tuning of the $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ intraspecies and the $^{39}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ interspecies scattering length. Thus dual-species Bose-Einstein condensates were produced by sympathetic cooling of $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ with $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$. A dark spontaneous force optical trap was used for $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ to reduce the losses in $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ due to light-assisted collisions in the optical trapping phase, which can be of benefit for other dual-species experiments. The tunability of the scattering length was used to perform precision spectroscopy of the interspecies Feshbach resonance located at 117.56(2) G and to determine the width of the resonance to 1.21(5) G by rethermalization measurements. The transition region from miscible to immiscible dual-species condensates was investigated and the interspecies background scattering length was determined to $28.5{a}_{0}$ using an empirical model. This paves the way for dual-species experiments with $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ and $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ BECs ranging from molecular physics to precision metrology.

arXiv:1505.07975•Physical Review A•Nov 4, 2015•102 citations

A $^{23}$Na and $^{87}$Rb double Bose-Einstein condensate with tunable interactions

Dezhi Xiong, Xiaoke Li, Fudong Wang +1 more

We have realized a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of $^{23}$Na and $^{87}$Rb atoms and observed their immiscibility. Because of the favorite background intra- and inter-species scattering lengths, evaporative cooling and sympathetic cooling are efficient without the need for fine controlling of the interactions. Our system thus provides a clean platform for studying quantum fluid mixtures with tunable inter-species interactions. We have also demonstrated the interaction tuning with a inter-species Feshbach resonance by investigating the elastic collisions near zero crossing of the Na-Rb scattering length.

•May 30, 2013•5 citations

Dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of Rb87 and Cs133

Daniel McCarron, H. W. Cho, Daniel L. Jenkin +2 more

We report the formation of a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ in the same trapping potential. Our method exploits the efficient sympathetic cooling of $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ via elastic collisions with $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, initially in a magnetic quadrupole trap and subsequently in a levitated optical trap. The two condensates each contain up to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms and exhibit a striking phase separation, revealing the mixture to be immiscible due to strong repulsive interspecies interactions. Sacrificing all the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ during the cooling, we create single-species $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ condensates of up to $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms.

arXiv:1102.1576•Physical Review A•Jul 13, 2011•232 citations
We show, both experimentally and theoretically, that sympathetic cooling of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in the ∣F=2,mF=2〉|{F=2,m}_{F}=2〉∣F=2,mF​=2〉 state by evaporatively cooled atoms in the ∣F=1,mF=\ensuremath−1〉|{F=1,m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1〉∣F=1,mF​=\ensuremath−1〉 state can be precisely controlled so as to produce a condensate in either or both states. We also study the thermalization rate between two species. Our model renders a quantitative account of the observed role of the overlap between the two clouds and verifies that sympathetic cooling becomes inefficient when the masses are very different. Our calculation also yields an analytical expression of the thermalization rate for a single species.
A new apparatus featuring a double magneto-optic trap and an Ioffe-type magnetic trap was used to create condensates of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ atoms in either of the ∣F=2,m=2〉|F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2,m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2〉∣F=2,m=2〉 or $|F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1,m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}1〉$ spin states of 87{}^{87}87Rb. Overlapping condensates of the two states were also created using nearly lossless sympathetic cooling of one state via thermal contact with the other evaporatively cooled state. We observed that (i) the scattering length of the $|1,\ensuremath{-}1〉$ state is positive, (ii) the rate constant for binary inelastic collisions between the two states is $2.2(9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$, and (iii) there is a repulsive interaction between the two condensates. Similarities and differences between the behaviors of the two spin states are observed.
We report on the production of a $^{41}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate in a hybrid trap, consisting of a magnetic quadrupole and an optical dipole potential. After loading both atomic species in the trap, we cool down 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb first by magnetic and then by optical evaporation, while 41K^{41}\mathrm{K}41K is sympathetically cooled by elastic collisions with 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb. We eventually produce two-component condensates with more than 105{10}^{5}105 atoms and tunable species population imbalance. We observe the immiscibility of the quantum mixture by measuring the density profile of each species after releasing them from the trap.
We present the production of dual-species Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K and 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb. Preparation of both species in the $\left|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1\right\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state enabled us to exploit a total of three Feshbach resonances, which allows for simultaneous Feshbach tuning of the 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K intraspecies and the $^{39}\mathrm{K}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ interspecies scattering length. Thus dual-species Bose-Einstein condensates were produced by sympathetic cooling of 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K with 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb. A dark spontaneous force optical trap was used for 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb to reduce the losses in 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K due to light-assisted collisions in the optical trapping phase, which can be of benefit for other dual-species experiments. The tunability of the scattering length was used to perform precision spectroscopy of the interspecies Feshbach resonance located at 117.56(2) G and to determine the width of the resonance to 1.21(5) G by rethermalization measurements. The transition region from miscible to immiscible dual-species condensates was investigated and the interspecies background scattering length was determined to 28.5a028.5{a}_{0}28.5a0​ using an empirical model. This paves the way for dual-species experiments with 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K and 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb BECs ranging from molecular physics to precision metrology.
A 23^{23}23Na and 87^{87}87Rb double Bose-Einstein condensate with tunable interactions
We have realized a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of 23^{23}23Na and 87^{87}87Rb atoms and observed their immiscibility. Because of the favorite background intra- and inter-species scattering lengths, evaporative cooling and sympathetic cooling are efficient without the need for fine controlling of the interactions. Our system thus provides a clean platform for studying quantum fluid mixtures with tunable inter-species interactions. We have also demonstrated the interaction tuning with a inter-species Feshbach resonance by investigating the elastic collisions near zero crossing of the Na-Rb scattering length.
We report the formation of a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb and 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs in the same trapping potential. Our method exploits the efficient sympathetic cooling of 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs via elastic collisions with 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb, initially in a magnetic quadrupole trap and subsequently in a levitated optical trap. The two condensates each contain up to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms and exhibit a striking phase separation, revealing the mixture to be immiscible due to strong repulsive interspecies interactions. Sacrificing all the 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb during the cooling, we create single-species 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs condensates of up to $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms.