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arXiv:quant-ph/0012022

Distilling a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger State From an Arbitrary Pure State of Three Qubits

Li-Xiang Cen, Shun-Jin Wang

Published Dec 5, 2000• 0 citations
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Abstract

We present a general algorithm to achieve local operators which can produce the GHZ state for an arbitrary given three-qubit state. Thus the distillation process of the state can be realized optimally. The algorithm is shown to be sufficient for the three-qubit state on account of the fact that any state for which this distillation algorithm is invalid cannot be distilled to the GHZ state by any local actions. Moreover, an analytical result of distillation operations is achieved for the general state of three qubits.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0012022

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We present a general algorithm to achieve local operators which can produce the GHZ state for an arbitrary given three-qubit state. Thus the distillation process of the state can be realized optimally. The algorithm is shown to be sufficient for the three-qubit state on account of the fact that any state for which this distillation algorithm is invalid cannot be distilled to the GHZ state by any local actions. Moreover, an analytical result of distillation operations is achieved for the general state of three qubits.
Methods for distilling Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states from arbitrary entangled tripartite pure states are described. These techniques work for virtually any input state. Each technique has two stages which we call primary and secondary distillations. Primary distillation produces a GHZ state with some probability, so that when applied to an ensemble of systems a certain percentage is discarded. Secondary distillation produces further GHZs from the discarded systems. These protocols are developed with the help of an approach to quantum information theory based on absolutely selective information, which has other potential applications.
We develop an efficient local operation and classical communication (LOCC) scheme for the distillation of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states from tripartite systems subjected to both coherent and incoherent errors. The proposed method employs an iterative process that applies a postselection-based non-linear transformation to increase the entanglement of 3-qubit states. In contrast to traditional distillation protocols that require an exponential number of initial states as a resource, our method achieves subexponential convergence towards a pure GHZ state. The proposed scheme is practical in the sense that it employs a small set of relatively simple unitary operations and projective measurements in the computational basis. We systematically develop a double-iteration protocol by providing a mathematical framework for the transformation processes involved, emphasizing the role of unitary operations in correcting arbitrary small errors in the initial states. Through analytical derivations and numerical simulations, we demonstrate the protocol's ability to progressively eliminate noise and improve fidelity over subsequent iterations. Significantly, our protocol not only corrects for small arbitrary distortions in the GHZ states but also maintains operational simplicity, making it feasible for practical quantum computing applications.
We present optimized distillation schemes for preparing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. Our approach relies on training variational quantum circuits with white noise affected GHZ states as inputs. Optimizing for a single iteration of the scheme, we find that it is possible to achieve an increased fidelity to the GHZ state, although further iterations decrease the fidelity. The same scheme, acting on coherently distorted pure-state inputs, is effective only in certain special cases. We show that radically different results can be achieved, however, when one optimizes for the output after two iterations of the protocol. In this case, the obtained schemes are more effective in distilling GHZ states from inputs affected by white noise. Moreover, they can also correct several types of coherent pure-state errors.
Recently, a new type of symmetry for three-qubit quantum states was introduced, the so-called Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) symmetry. It includes the operations which leave the three-qubit standard GHZ state unchanged. This symmetry is powerful as it yields families of mixed states that are, on the one hand, complex enough from the physics point of view and, on the other hand, simple enough mathematically so that their properties can be characterized analytically. We show that by using the properties of GHZ-symmetric states it is straightforward to derive optimal witnesses for three-qubit entanglement.