Here is discussed application of the Weyl pair to construction of universal set of quantum gates for high-dimensional quantum system. An application of Lie algebras (Hamiltonians) for construction of universal gates is revisited first. It is shown next, how for quantum computation with qubits can be used two-dimensional analog of this Cayley-Weyl matrix algebras, i.e. Clifford algebras, and discussed well known applications to product operator formalism in NMR, Jordan-Wigner construction in fermionic quantum computations. It is introduced universal set of quantum gates for higher dimensional system ("qudit"), as some generalization of these models. Finally it is briefly mentioned possible application of such algebraic methods to design of quantum processors (programmable gates arrays) and dsicussed generalization to quantum computation wiht continuous variables.
We address the problem of universality in simulation of evolution of quantum system and in theory of quantum computations related with the possibility of expression or approximation of arbitrary unitary transformation by composition of specific unitary transformations (quantum gates) from given set. In an earlier paper application of Clifford algebras to constructions of universal sets of binary quantum gates Uk∈U(2n) was shown. For application of a similar approach to nonbinary quantum gates Uk∈U(ln), in present work we used rational noncommutative torus T1/l2n. A set of universal nonbinary two-gates is presented here as one example.
Problem of universality in simulation of evolution of quantum system and in theory of quantum computations related with possibility of expression or approximation of arbitrary unitary transformation by composition of specific unitary transformations (quantum gates) from given set. In earlier paper (quant-ph/0010071) was shown application of Clifford algebras to constructions of universal sets of binary quantum gates
UkinU(2n). For application of similar approach to non-binary quantum gates
UkinU(ln) in present work is used rational noncommutative torus
BbbT1/l2n. Set of universal non-binary two-gates is presented here as one of examples.
Recently author suggested [quant-ph/0010071] an application of Clifford algebras for construction of a "compiler" for universal binary quantum computer together with later development [quant-ph/0012009] of the similar idea for a non-binary base. The non-binary case is related with application of some extension of idea of Clifford algebras. It is noncommutative torus defined by polynomial algebraic relations of order l. For l=2 it coincides with definition of Clifford algebra. Here is presented the joint consideration and comparison of both cases together with some discussion on possible physical consequences.
This paper presents a unified algebraic framework for
n-qubit quantum computation rooted in the complex Clifford algebra
Cl(2n,C). We leverage the fundamental isomorphism
Cl(2n,C)≅M(2n,C) to directly identify the algebra of all
n-qubit quantum operators (including states, gates, and observables) with elements of
Cl(2n,C). This operator-centric perspective treats quantum states, whether pure or mixed, as density multivectors
ρ∈Cl(2n,C) satisfying standard physical constraints (
ρ†=ρ,
2n⟨ρ⟩0=1, positivity), and unitary gates
U as multivectors obeying
U†U=I. Quantum evolution
ρ′=UρU† and measurements
p(m)=2n⟨Pmρ⟩0 are thus described by intrinsic Clifford algebraic operations. This contrasts with, yet encompasses, specific realizations like spinor representations based on Witt ideals (
S=Cl(2n,C)∏jfjfj†), which are shown to be particular constructions within this universal algebra. By analyzing Deutsch's algorithm through these different lenses, we demonstrate the generality and unifying power of the operator-centric multivector approach. This formulation not only provides a comprehensive algebraic language that naturally handles mixed states and general quantum processes but also opens avenues for applying the rich geometric and structural tools of Clifford algebras—such as grade decomposition and invariant theory—to gain deeper insights into quantum information, entanglement, and dynamics.
Clifford algebras are used for definition of spinors. Because of using spin-1/2 systems as an adequate model of quantum bit, a relation of the algebras with quantum information science has physical reasons. But there are simple mathematical properties of the algebras those also justifies such applications. First, any complex Clifford algebra with 2n generators, Cl(2n,C), has representation as algebra of all 2^n x 2^n complex matrices and so includes unitary matrix of any quantum n-gate. An arbitrary element of whole algebra corresponds to general form of linear complex transformation. The last property is also useful because linear operators are not necessary should be unitary if they used for description of restriction of some unitary operator to subspace. The second advantage is simple algebraic structure of Cl(2n) that can be expressed via tenzor product of standard "building units" and similar with behavior of composite quantum systems. The compact notation with 2n generators also can be used in software for modeling of simple quantum circuits by modern conventional computers.