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arXiv:quant-ph/0010051 · Physical Review A

Quantum dynamics of three coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensates

Kae Nemoto, Catherine A. Holmes, Gerard J Milburn, William J. Munro

Published Dec 8, 2000• 93 citations
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Abstract

The simplest model of three coupled Bose-Einstein condensates is investigated using a group theoretical method. The stationary solutions are determined using the SU(3) group under the mean-field approximation. This semiclassical analysis, using system symmetries, shows a transition in the dynamics of the system from self trapping to delocalization at a critical value for the coupling between the condensates. The global dynamics are investigated by examination of the stable points, and our analysis shows that the structure of the stable points depends on the ratio of the condensate coupling to the particle-particle interaction, and undergoes bifurcations as this ratio is varied. This semiclassical model is compared to a full quantum treatment, which also displays a dynamical transition. The quantum case has collapse and revival sequences superimposed on the semiclassical dynamics, reflecting the underlying discreteness of the spectrum. Nonzero circular current states are also demonstrated as one of the higher-dimensional effects displayed in this system.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.63.013604

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The simplest model of three coupled Bose-Einstein condensates is investigated using a group theoretical method. The stationary solutions are determined using the SU(3) group under the mean-field approximation. This semiclassical analysis, using system symmetries, shows a transition in the dynamics of the system from self trapping to delocalization at a critical value for the coupling between the condensates. The global dynamics are investigated by examination of the stable points, and our analysis shows that the structure of the stable points depends on the ratio of the condensate coupling to the particle-particle interaction, and undergoes bifurcations as this ratio is varied. This semiclassical model is compared to a full quantum treatment, which also displays a dynamical transition. The quantum case has collapse and revival sequences superimposed on the semiclassical dynamics, reflecting the underlying discreteness of the spectrum. Nonzero circular current states are also demonstrated as one of the higher-dimensional effects displayed in this system.
Summary form only given. We present a quantum and semiclassical analysis of the dynamics of three coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). The quantum description is most conveniently analyzed in terms of the operator algebra of SU(3). The space of pure states corresponds to a real manifold of five dimensions corresponding to the parameters of the coset SU(3)/U(2). This is the higher dimensional analogue of the Bloch sphere which has been used to describe the dynamics of two coupled BECs. The equations of motion in the Heisenberg picture can be mapped onto equations in this real manifold. The semiclassical description also involves five real parameters, and corresponds to the mean values of the Heisenberg equations with a factorisation assumption for higher order moments. The symmetries of the problem may be used to construct the ground states of the quantum system for both positive and negative scattering lengths. The structure of the ground states change as the elastic scattering strength changes with respect to the linear tunnelling coupling between the condensate components.
We present an approach for the analysis of Bose-Einstein condensates in a few mode approximation. This method has already been used to successfully analyze the vibrational modes in various molecular systems and offers a perspective on the dynamics in many particle bosonic systems. We discuss a system consisting of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a triple well potential. Such systems correspond to classical Hamiltonian systems with three degrees of freedom. The semiclassical approach allows a simple visualization of the eigenstates of the quantum system referring to the underlying classical dynamics. From this classification we can read off the dynamical properties of the eigenstates such as particle exchange between the wells and entanglement without further calculations. In addition, this approach offers insights into the validity of the mean-field description of the many particle system by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, since we make use of exactly this correspondence in our semiclassical analysis. We choose a three mode system in order to visualize it easily and, moreover, to have a sufficiently interesting structure, although the method can also be extended to higher dimensional systems.
The dynamics of the three coupled dipolar Bose—Einstein condensates containing N bosons is investigated within a mean-field semiclassical picture based on the coherent-state method. Varieties of periodic solutions (configured as vortex, single depleted well, and dimerlike states) are obtained analytically when the fixed points are identified on the N = constant. The system dynamics are studied via numeric integration of trimer motion equations, thus revealing macroscopic effects of population inversion and self-trapping with different initial states. In particular, the trajectory of the oscillations of the populations in each well shows how the dynamics of the condensates are effected by the presence of dipole—dipole interaction and gauge field.
The properties of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well potential are investigated through a two-mode analysis. An analytic solution for the semiclassical tunnelling and self-trapping dynamics is compared with numerical simulations of the quantum dynamics, which exhibit collapses and revivals for a closed system. A continuous non-destructive measurement technique to monitor the Josephson tunnelling oscillations is presented, in which the condensate in one well dispersively shifts the phase of a coherent probe beam in proportion to atom-number. The evolution of the resulting homodyne photocurrent and Bloch Q distributions shows that oscillations develop even when the initial state possesses phase symmetry. The conditional dynamics of the condensate which result from measurement back-action also appear in certain semiclassical formulations. The homodyne measurement technique is incorporated into a proposed weak-force detector. A maximally entangled initial state, which is the ground state for a double condensate with strong attractive atomic interactions, enables a high-precision measurement. The dynamics of quantum many-body multimode systems of interacting bosons are simulated using phase-space methods. The use of the Wigner technique predicts novel noise effects in fibre solitons. The positive-P representation is used to simulate the formation of mesoscopic Bose-Einstein condensates via evaporative cooling in three dimensional atom traps. The results indicate highly non-classical behaviour near the critical point, and provide evidence for the spontaneous formation of vortices. Comparisons with corresponding mean-field calculations reveal large differences between the semiclassical and fully quantum results. Finally, the possibility of future progress with alternative phase-space methods is considered.
We consider the quantum dynamics of a neutral atom Bose- Einstein condensate in a double-well potential, including hard-sphere particle interactions. Using a mean-field factorization we show that the coherent oscillations due to tunnelling are suppressed when the number of atoms exceeds a critical value. An exact quantum solution, in a two-mode approximation, shows that the mean-field solution is modulated by a quantum collapse and revival sequence. Chaotic dynamics results when the potential is modulated.