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arXiv:quant-ph/0009018 · AIP conference proceedings

Feynman’s entropy and decoherence mechanism

Y. S. Kim

Published Jan 1, 2001• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

If we reduce coherence in a given quantum system, the result is an increase in entropy. Does this necessarily convert this quantum system into a classical system? The answer to this question is No. The decrease of coherence means more uncertainty. This does not seem to make the system closer to classical system where there are no uncertainties. We examine the problem using two coupled harmonic oscillators where we make observations on one of them while the other oscillator is assumed to be unobservable or to be in Feynman’s rest of the universe. Our ignorance about the rest of the universe causes an increase in entropy. However, does the system act like a classical system? The answer is again No. When and how does this system appear like a classical system? It is shown that this paradox can be resolved only if measurements are taken along the normal coordinates. It is also shown that Feynman’s parton picture is one concrete physical example of this decoherence mechanism.

DOI
10.1063/1.1381903

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If we reduce coherence in a given quantum system, the result is an increase in entropy. Does this necessarily convert this quantum system into a classical system? The answer to this question is No. The decrease of coherence means more uncertainty. This does not seem to make the system closer to classical system where there are no uncertainties. We examine the problem using two coupled harmonic oscillators where we make observations on one of them while the other oscillator is assumed to be unobservable or to be in Feynman’s rest of the universe. Our ignorance about the rest of the universe causes an increase in entropy. However, does the system act like a classical system? The answer is again No. When and how does this system appear like a classical system? It is shown that this paradox can be resolved only if measurements are taken along the normal coordinates. It is also shown that Feynman’s parton picture is one concrete physical example of this decoherence mechanism.
If we reduce coherence in a given quantum system, the result is an increase in entropy. Does this necessarily convert this quantum system into a classical system? The answer to this question is No. The decrease of coherence means more uncertainty. This does not seem to make the system closer to classical system where there are no uncertainties. We examine the problem using two coupled harmonic oscillators where we make observations on one of them while the other oscillator is assumed to be unobservable or to be in Feynman's rest of the universe. Our ignorance about the rest of the universe causes an increase in entropy. However, does the system act like a classical system? The answer is again No. When and how does this system appear like a classical system? It is shown that this paradox can be resolved only if measurements are taken along the normal coordinates. It is also shown that Feynman's parton picture is one concrete physical example of this decoherence mechanism.
According to Feynman, the universe consists of two parts - the system in which we are interested and the rest of the universe which our measurement process does not reach. Feynman then formulates the density matrix in terms of the observable world and the rest of the universe. It is shown that coupled harmonic oscillators can serve as an illustrative example for Feynman's ``rest of the universe.'' It is pointed out that this simple example has far-reaching consequences in many branches of physics, including statistical mechanics, measurement theory, information theory, thermo-field dynamics, quantum optics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that our ignorance of the rest of the universe increases the uncertainty and entropy in the system in which we are interested.
Coupled harmonic oscillators occupy an important place in physics teaching. It is shown that they can be used for illustrating an increase in entropy caused by limitations in measurement. In the system of coupled oscillators, it is possible to make the measurement on one oscillator while averaging over the degrees of freedom of the other oscillator without measuring them. It is shown that such a calculation would yield an increased entropy in the observable oscillator. This example provides a clarification of Feynman’s rest of the universe.
Some of the most enduring questions in physics--including the quantum measurement problem and the quantization of gravity--involve the interaction of a quantum system with a classical environment. Two linearly coupled harmonic oscillators provide a simple, exactly soluble model for exploring such interaction. Even the ground state of a pair of identical oscillators exhibits effects on the quantum nature of one oscillator, e.g., a diminution of position uncertainty, and an increase in momentum uncertainty and uncertainty product, from their unperturbed values. Interaction between quantum and classical oscillators is simulated by constructing a quantum state with one oscillator initially in its ground state, the other in a coherent or Glauber state. The subsequent wave function for this state is calculated exactly, both for identical and distinct oscillators. The reduced probability distribution for the quantum oscillator, and its position and momentum expectation values and uncertainties, are obtained from this wave function. The oscillator acquires an oscillation amplitude corresponding to a beating between the normal modes of the system; the behavior of the position and momentum uncertainties can become quite complicated. For oscillators with equal unperturbed frequencies, i.e., at resonance, the uncertainties exhibit a time-dependent quantum squeezing which can be extreme.
Quantum physics, despite its intrinsically probabilistic nature, lacks a definition of entropy fully accounting for the randomness of a quantum state. For example, von Neumann entropy quantifies only the incomplete specification of a quantum state and does not quantify the probabilistic distribution of its observables; it trivially vanishes for pure quantum states. We propose a quantum entropy that quantifies the randomness of a pure quantum state via a conjugate pair of observables/operators forming the quantum phase space. The entropy is dimensionless, it is a relativistic scalar, it is invariant under canonical transformations and under CPT transformations, and its minimum has been established by the entropic uncertainty principle. We expand the entropy to also include mixed states. We show that the entropy is monotonically increasing during a time evolution of coherent states under a Dirac Hamiltonian. However, in a mathematical scenario, when two fermions come closer to each other, each evolving as a coherent state, the total system’s entropy oscillates due to the increasing spatial entanglement. We hypothesize an entropy law governing physical systems whereby the entropy of a closed system never decreases, implying a time arrow for particle physics. We then explore the possibility that as the oscillations of the entropy must by the law be barred in quantum physics, potential entropy oscillations trigger annihilation and creation of particles.