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arXiv:quant-ph/0008015

On the Problem of Programming Quantum Computers

Hans A. De Raedt, Anthony Hams, Kristel F. L. Michielsen, Seiji Miyashita, Keiji Saito

Published Aug 3, 2000• 1 citation
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Abstract

We study effects of the physical realization of quantum computers on their logical operation. Through simulation of physical models of quantum computer hardware, we analyse the difficulties that are encountered in programming physical implementations of quantum computers. We discuss the origin of the instabilities of quantum algorithms and explore physical mechanisms to enlarge the region(s) of stable operation.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0008015

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We study effects of the physical realization of quantum computers on their logical operation. Through simulation of physical models of quantum computer hardware, we analyse the difficulties that are encountered in programming physical implementations of quantum computers. We discuss the origin of the instabilities of quantum algorithms and explore physical mechanisms to enlarge the region(s) of stable operation.
We study effects of the physical realization of quantum computers on their logical operation. Through simulation of physical models of quantum computer hardware, we analyze the difficulties that are encountered in programming physical realizations of quantum computers. Examples of logically identical implementations of the controlled-NOT operation and Grover's database search algorithm are used to demonstrate that the results of a quantum computation are unstable with respect to the physical realization of the quantum computer. We discuss the origin of these instabilities and discuss possibilities to overcome this, for practical purposes, fundamental limitation of quantum computers.
We analyze the stability of quantum computations on physically realizable quantum computers by simulating quantum spin models representing quantum computer hardware. Examples of logically identical implementations of the controlled-NOT operation are used to demonstrate that the results of a quantum computation are unstable with respect to the physical realization of the quantum computer. We discuss the origin of these instabilities and discuss possibilities to overcome this, for practical purposes, fundamental limitation of quantum computers.
With the increasing accessibility of quantum computers to the wider population, there is a growing demand for the education and training of a group of quantum programmers. This cohort predominantly consists of individuals who have primarily focused on the development of classical computer programs throughout their professional careers. Although existing quantum computers currently possess fewer than 100 qubits, it is widely anticipated that the quantum computing hardware will experience significant advancements in terms of qubit quantity, quality, and connectivity. The objective of this review is to elucidate the fundamental principles of quantum programming, which diverge significantly from classical programming. This will be achieved through the utilization of concise algebraic expressions, allowing for an optional comprehension of the captivating underlying principles of quantum mechanics. This paper provides an overview of quantum computing algorithms and their practical implementation on physical quantum hardware. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of various quantum algorithms, with the objective of providing concise and self-contained descriptions for each. In this study, we demonstrate the practical implementation of the aforementioned algorithms on IBM's quantum computer. For each algorithm, we thoroughly analyze and compare the outcomes obtained from the implementation on the quantum computer with those obtained from the simulator. This analysis focuses on identifying and discussing any disparities that arise between the results obtained from the simulator and the actual hardware runs. This article serves as an introduction to quantum algorithms for computer scientists, physicists, and engineers, offering a comprehensive guide for their practical implementation.
To implement quantum algorithms on a quantum computer, we must overcome the twin problems of fault-tolerance -- how can we realize a relatively noiseless computation by cleverly combining noisy components? -- and compilation -- how can we realize an arbitrary quantum algorithm given the basic operations available on the quantum device at hand? We show how treating the former problem via error-correcting codes enables greater flexibility in resolving the latter. Specifically, we explicitly leverage the fact that error-correcting codes introduce redundancy which renders physically distinct operators logically indistinguishable. In terms of computation, it suffices to implement any operator logically equivalent to some target, yet from a compilation perspective, certain choices may be preferable to others. Our novel contribution is making this intuition precise in the general setting of the special unitary group. In particular, we describe how to reduce the problem of making a compilation-ideal choice to a least squares problem and provide a closed form solution thereof. Using our framework, it is possible to circumvent inserting costly swaps to adhere to hardware connectivity; instead, we could realize the logical target through a distinct physical Hamiltonian that is natively accessible. We elucidate our approach using the [[4,2,2]][[4,2,2]][[4,2,2]] code. We discuss connections to compressed sensing that may pave the way to efficient compilation leveraging physical degrees of freedom.
As quantum computers become available to the general public, the need has arisen to train a cohort of quantum programmers, many of whom have been developing classical computer programs for most of their careers. While currently available quantum computers have less than 100 qubits, quantum computing hardware is widely expected to grow in terms of qubit count, quality, and connectivity. This review aims at explaining the principles of quantum programming, which are quite different from classical programming, with straightforward algebra that makes understanding of the underlying fascinating quantum mechanical principles optional. We give an introduction to quantum computing algorithms and their implementation on real quantum hardware. We survey 20 different quantum algorithms, attempting to describe each in a succinct and self-contained fashion. We show how these algorithms can be implemented on IBM’s quantum computer, and in each case, we discuss the results of the implementation with respect to differences between the simulator and the actual hardware runs. This article introduces computer scientists, physicists, and engineers to quantum algorithms and provides a blueprint for their implementations.