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arXiv:physics/0702135

Super-relativity in the quantum theory

Peter Leifer

Published Feb 16, 2007• 0 citations
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Abstract

The relativity to the measuring device in quantum theory, i.e. the covariance of local dynamical variables relative transformations to moving quantum reference frame in Hilbert space, may be achieved only by the rejection of super-selection rule. In order to avoid the subjective nuance, I emphasis that the notion of "measurement" here, is nothing but the covariant differentiation procedure in the functional quantum phase space $CP(N-1)$, having pure objective sense of evolution. Transition to the local moving quantum reference frame leads to some particle-like solutions of quasi-linear field PDE in the dynamical space-time. Thereby, the functionally covariant quantum dynamics gives the perspective to unify the Einstein relativity and quantum principles which are obviously contradictable under the standard approaches.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.physics/0702135

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The relativity to the measuring device in quantum theory, i.e. the covariance of local dynamical variables relative transformations to moving quantum reference frame in Hilbert space, may be achieved only by the rejection of super-selection rule. In order to avoid the subjective nuance, I emphasis that the notion of "measurement" here, is nothing but the covariant differentiation procedure in the functional quantum phase space CP(N−1)CP(N-1)CP(N−1), having pure objective sense of evolution. Transition to the local moving quantum reference frame leads to some particle-like solutions of quasi-linear field PDE in the dynamical space-time. Thereby, the functionally covariant quantum dynamics gives the perspective to unify the Einstein relativity and quantum principles which are obviously contradictable under the standard approaches.
The reconstruction of the unitary symmetry \cite{TFD} under non-linear dynamical mapping Hilbert space of action amplitudes CNC^NCN onto projective Hilbert space CP(N−1)CP(N-1)CP(N−1) \cite{Le1} has been applied here to the quantum dynamics of elementary vacuum excitations. The "vacuum manifold of virtual action states" is represented here by CP(N−1)CP(N-1)CP(N−1) whereas its tangent vectors define local dynamical variables (LDV's) describing "matter". The conservation laws of LDV's express self-conservation of the "material particles" during continuous evolution being expressed as the affine parallel transport agrees with Fubuni-Study metric, create the "affine gauge potential" as the solution of the partial differential equations. Such procedure embeds the quantum dynamics into dynamical space-time whose state-dependent coordinates arose due to encoding results of quantum measurement by the qubit spinor whose components subjected to Lorentz transformations of "quantum boosts" and "quantum rotations". Thereby, in the framework of super-relativity, the objective character of the quantum measurement is inherently related to the dynamical space-time structure that replaces the notion of "observer".
In general relativity, the description of spacetime relies on idealised rods and clocks, which identify a reference frame. In any concrete scenario, reference frames are associated to physical systems, which are ultimately quantum in nature. A relativistic description of the laws of physics hence needs to take into account such quantum reference frames (QRFs), through which spacetime can be given an operational meaning. Here, we introduce the notion of a spacetime quantum reference frame, associated to a quantum particle in spacetime. Such formulation has the advantage of treating space and time on equal footing, and of allowing us to describe the dynamical evolution of a set of quantum systems from the perspective of another quantum system, where the parameter in which the rest of the physical systems evolves coincides with the proper time of the particle taken as the QRF. Crucially, the proper times in two different QRFs are not related by a standard transformation, but they might be in a quantum superposition one with respect to the other.Concretely, we consider a system of N relativistic quantum particles in a weak gravitational field, and introduce a timeless formulation in which the global state of the N particles appears "frozen", but the dynamical evolution is recovered in terms of relational quantities. The position and momentum Hilbert space of the particles is used to fix the QRF via a transformation to the local frame of the particle such that the metric is locally inertial at the origin of the QRF. The internal Hilbert space corresponds to the clock space, which keeps the proper time in the local frame of the particle. Thanks to this fully relational construction we show how the remaining particles evolve dynamically in the relational variables from the perspective of the QRF. The construction proposed here includes the Page-Wootters mechanism for non interacting clocks when the external degrees of freedom are neglected. Finally, we find that a quantum superposition of gravitational redshifts and a quantum superposition of special-relativistic time dilations can be observed in the QRF.
In physics, every observation is made with respect to a frame of reference. Although reference frames are usually not considered as degrees of freedom, in all practical situations it is a physical system which constitutes a reference frame. Can a quantum system be considered as a reference frame and, if so, which description would it give of the world? Here, we introduce a general method to quantise reference frame transformations, which generalises the usual reference frame transformation to a "superposition of coordinate transformations". We describe states, measurement, and dynamical evolution in different quantum reference frames, without appealing to an external, absolute reference frame, and find that entanglement and superposition are frame-dependent features. The transformation also leads to a generalisation of the notion of covariance of dynamical physical laws, to an extension of the weak equivalence principle, and to the possibility of defining the rest frame of a quantum system.
The covariance of the Schr\"odinger equation under Galilei boosts and the compatibility of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics with Einstein's equivalence principle have been constrained for so long to the existence of a superselection rule which would prevent a quantum particle from being found in superposition states of different masses. In an effort to avoid this expedient, and thus allow nonrelativistic quantum mechanics to account for unstable particles, recent works have suggested that the usual Galilean transformations are inconsistent with the nonrelativistic limit implied by the Lorentz transformation. Here we approach the issue in a fundamentally different way. Using a formalism of unitary transformations and employing quantum reference frames rather than immaterial coordinate systems, we show that the Schr\"odinger equation, although form variant, is fully compatible with the aforementioned principles of relativity.
Principle of ``Superrelativity'' has been proposed in order to avoid the contradiction between principle of relativity and foundations of quantum theory. Solutions of a newly derived non-linear Klein-Gordon equation presumably may be treated as primordial nonlocal elements of quantum theory. It is shown that in the framework of CP(N-1) model supplementary elements which are non-local in spacetime but local in the projective Hilbert space permit us to avoid at least one of the main difficulties of quantum theory-the necessity to relate the ``reality'' of a quantum state with a measuring process. In the framework of superrelativity the geometry of the projective Hilbert space (Fubini-Study metric and connection) together with the non-linear wave equation are full and closed quantum scheme.
Under the principle that quantum mechanical observables are invariant under relevant symmetry transformations, we explore how the usual, non-invariant quantities may capture measurement statistics. Using a relativisation mapping, viewed as the incorporation of a quantum reference frame, we show that the usual quantum description approximates the relative one precisely when the reference system admits an appropriate localisable quantity and a localised state. From this follows a new perspective on the nature and reality of quantum superpositions and optical coherence.