Two different strategies of the relativistic quantum theory construction are considered and evaluated. The first strategy is the conventional strategy, based on application of the quantum mechanics technique to relativistic systems. This approach cannot solve the problem of pair production. The apparent success of QFT at solution of this problem is conditioned by the inconsistency of QFT, when the commutation relations are incompatible with the dynamic equations. (The inconsistent theory "can solve" practically any problem, including the problem of pair production). The second strategy is based on application of fundamental principles of classical dynamics and those of statistical description to relativistic dynamic systems. It seems to be more reliable, because this strategy does not use quantum principles, and the main problem of QFT (join of nonrelativistic quantum principles with the principles of relativity) appears to be eliminated.
Two different strategies of the relativistic quantum theory construction are considered and evaluated. The first strategy is the conventional strategy, based on application of the quantum mechanics technique to relativistic systems. This approach cannot solve the problem of pair production. The apparent success of QFT at solution of this problem is conditioned by the inconsistency of QFT, when the commutation relations are incompatible with the dynamic equations. (The inconsistent theory "can solve" practically any problem, including the problem of pair production). The second strategy is based on application of fundamental principles of classical dynamics and those of statistical description to relativistic dynamic systems. It seems to be more reliable, because this strategy does not use quantum principles, and the main problem of QFT (join of nonrelativistic quantum principles with the principles of relativity) appears to be eliminated.
Quantum systems are dynamic systems restricted by the principles of quantum mechanics (linearity of dynamic equations, linear transformation of the wave function etc.). One suggests to investigate the quantum systems simply as dynamic systems, ignoring the quantum principles and constraints imposed by them. Such dynamic methods of investigation appear to be more adequate and effective, than the conventional quantum methods of investigation. Using these methods, which ignore the quantum principles, one can overcome the principal problem of quantum field theory: join of nonrelativistic quantum principles with the relativity principles. Investigation of dynamic system, described by the Schroedinger equation, admits one to prove that the Copenhagen interpretation is incompatible with quantum mechanics formalism. Besides, it is shown that sometimes the application of quantum principles leads to incorrect results.
The search for a theory of the elementary particles which is founded on the well-established principles of quantum mechanics and conforms at the same time with the requirements of the principle of relativity has, in recent years, taken several divergent directions. On the one hand, the second quantization of wave fields derived from a Lagrangian by a variational procedure(1) has succeeded in accounting for the existence and most of the properties of the electron, the photon, and the meson. On the other hand, many generalizations of the Dirac wave equation of the electron(2) have been attempted, with applications to the meson(3) and the proton(4). Heisenberg(5) has considered the much more difficult problem of the interaction between different particles, and has found that the key to the situation is the so-called ‘scattering matrix’, which is nothing other than a limiting form of the relativistic density matrix, as defined in § 2 of this paper. It seems probable that the relativistic density matrix ρ; or statistical operator, as it may be called without reference to representation, will play an important part in relativistic quantum mechanics in the future. It satisfies the same equation as the wave function, but differs from it in being a real linear operator, or a dynamical variable, in the terminology of Dirac.
In this paper, we try to give a new approach to the quantum mechanics(QM) on the framework of quantum field theory(QFT). Firstly, we make a detail study on the (non-relativistic) Schrödinger field theory, obtaining the Schrödinger equation as a field equation, after field quantization, the Heisenberg equations for the momentum and position operators of the particles excited from the (Schrödinger) field and the Feynman path integral formula of QM are also obtained. We then give the probability concepts of quantum mechanics in terms of a statistical ensemble, realizing the ensemble(or statistical) interpretation. With these, we make a series of conceptual modifications to the standard quantum mechanics, especially propose a new assumption about the quantum measurement theory which can solve the EPR paradox from the view of the QFT. Besides, a field theoretical description to the double-slit interference experiment is developed, obtaining the required particle number distribution. In the end, we extend all the above concepts to the relativistic case so that the ensemble interpretation is still proper. Two extra topics are added, in the first one, an operable experiment is proposed to distinguish the Copenhagen interpretation from the ensemble one via very different experimental results. While the second topic concerns with the extensions of the concept of coherent state to both the Bosonic and Fermionic field cases, to obtain the corresponding classical fields. And in the concluding section, we make some general comparisons between the standard QM and the one derived from the QFT, from which we claim that the QFT is the fundamental theory.
Problems with the extension to relativity. The Klein–Gordon equation The attempt to extend the causal interpretation to cover relativistic quantum mechanics raises several problems of technique and principle. These relate not only to difficulties peculiar to the quantum theory of motion but have to do with still unresolved issues in the underlying quantum mechanical formalism (such as the appearance of infinities in the computation of physical quantities and the lack of a relativistic theory of measurement). Some problems are common to both, such as the difficulty of defining positive densities. The subject has not been extensively investigated and in this chapter we shall discuss only some of the relevant issues. There are two particularly important, overlapping problems: Can the trajectory concept be retained in the relativistic quantum domain? And: how do we interpret relativistic quantum fields? The unresolved issue underlying both questions is the extent to which we should require a quantum theory to be ‘relativistic’. It is known that Lorentz covariant wave equations can have consequences in conflict with relativity. This, as we shall see, is indeed the case with the current relativistic formalism as interpreted, or completed, by the quantum theory of motion. Especially in field theory, the individual processes that build up and explain the covariant statistical predictions of the formalism exhibit features that are in conflict with our entrenched ideas regarding covariance and locality as necessary concomitants of relativity theory. That is, relativity is statistically valid but the individual events do not have an intrinsically relativistic character.
What is relativistic quantum theory? How does it differ from non-relativistic quantum mechanics? Is there something more involved than the transition from the Galilean group to the Lorentz group? These questions are evidently of great importance to the understanding of relativistic quantum theory (RQT), in particular to the distinction between the basic principles of quantum theory, and the characterization of a particular class of dynamical evolutions. Within non-relativistic quantum mechanics (NRQM) a reasonably precise response is possible (differences concern the number of degrees of freedom, the existence of internal symmetries, and the form of the Hamiltonian as a function of the canonical variables); what appears characteristic of RQT is the appearance of a dynamics of a qualitatively different character (involving the creation and annihilation of particles), involving new kinds of constraints (renormalization theory: anomalies). Nevertheless, it seems we must know how to pass from the inhomogeneous Galilean group (IHGG) to the Lorentz group (IHLG), if only because we have successfully constructed a RQT, surely, then, we know what it is that we hold invariant in this transition.
In this article, the axioms presented in the first one are reformulated according to the special theory of relativity. Using these axioms, quantum mechanic's relativistic equations are obtained in the presence of electromagnetic fields for both the density function and the probability amplitude. It is shown that, within the present theory's scope, Dirac's second order equation should be considered the fundamental one in spite of the first order equation. A relativistic expression is obtained for the statistical potential. Axioms are again altered and made compatible with the general theory of relativity. These postulates, together with the idea of the statistical potential, allow us to obtain a general relativistic quantum theory for {\it ensembles} composed of single particle systems.