A solution to the part and whole problem is presented in this paper by using a complex mathematical representation that permits to define the Holon concept as a Basic Unit System that remains itself in spite of complex operations such as integration and derivation. This can be done because of the remarkable isomorphic property of Euler Relation. We can then define a domain independent both of the observer and the object, as within it, the object is embedded. We will then be able to have a Quantum Mechanics solution without the "observer drawback", as Karl R. Popper tried to find all his life but from the philosophical point of view and which was Einstein main concern about QM too. A unit that has always similar or identical structure or form, despite even complex operations such as integration and derivation, is the ideal unit for the new sciences of complexity or just the systems sciences too, where structure or form, wholeness, organization, and complexity are main requirements. A table for validating the results obtained is presented in case of the pendulum formula.
A solution to the part and whole problem is presented in this paper by using a complex mathematical representation that permits to define the Holon concept as a Basic Unit System that remains itself in spite of complex operations such as integration and derivation. This can be done because of the remarkable isomorphic property of Euler Relation. We can then define a domain independent both of the observer and the object, as within it, the object is embedded. We will then be able to have a Quantum Mechanics solution without the "observer drawback", as Karl R. Popper tried to find all his life but from the philosophical point of view and which was Einstein main concern about QM too. A unit that has always similar or identical structure or form, despite even complex operations such as integration and derivation, is the ideal unit for the new sciences of complexity or just the systems sciences too, where structure or form, wholeness, organization, and complexity are main requirements. A table for validating the results obtained is presented in case of the pendulum formula.
Abstract Euler’s formula is a pure mathematical formula. In spite of its nonphysical nature, the form of this formula has a genuine fundamental role in quantum mechanics, but with no physical reason for this role. Philosophically, Heisenberg has proposed Kantian ideas in physics like “nature in itself”, unobservable nature, and “nature as appears”. He proposed a possibility of mathematical formulation for a system in nature in itself. In the present work, a mathematical model of rolling circles in real space has been proposed as a model for a system in nature in itself. Observation process acts as a transformation of the system to a model in observable nature. Partial observation transforms the real position vector of a point in that system to a form similar to the Euler’s formula. That causes the appearance of the imaginary unit. Interestingly, the transformed real kinematical forms exhibit similarity with the forms of relativistic quantum mechanics.
Abstract Euler’s formula is a pure mathematical formula. In spite of its nonphysical nature, the form of this formula has a genuine fundamental role in quantum mechanics, but with no physical reason for this role. Philosophically, Heisenberg has proposed Kantian ideas in physics like “nature in itself”, unobservable nature, and “nature as appears”. He proposed a possibility of mathematical formulation for a system in nature in itself. In the present work, a mathematical model of rolling circles in real space has been proposed as a model for a system in nature in itself. Observation process acts as a transformation of the system to a model in observable nature. Partial observation transforms the real position vector of a point in that system to a form similar to the Euler’s formula. That causes the appearance of the imaginary unit. Interestingly, the transformed real kinematical forms exhibit similarity with the forms of relativistic quantum mechanics.
In principle, the lattice of elementary propositions of a generic quantum system admits a representation in real, complex or quaternionic Hilbert spaces as established by Solèr’s theorem (1995) closing a long standing problem that can be traced back to von Neumann’s mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. However up to now there are no examples of quantum systems described in Hilbert spaces whose scalar field is different from the set of complex numbers. We show that elementary relativistic systems cannot be described by irreducible strongly-continuous unitary representations of SL(2, C) on real or quaternionic Hilbert spaces as a consequence of some peculiarity of the generators related with the theory of polar decomposition of operators. Indeed such a ”naive” attempt leads necessarily to an equivalent formulation on a complex Hilbert space. Although this conclusion seems to give a definitive answer to the real/quaternionic-quantum-mechanics issue, it lacks consistency since it does not derive from more general physical hypotheses as the complex one does. Trying a more solid approach, in both situations we end up with three possibilities: an equivalent description in terms of a Wigner unitary representation in a real, complex or quaternionic Hilbert space. At this point the ”naive” result turns out to be a definitely important technical lemma, for it forbids the two extreme possibilities. \nIn conclusion, the real/quaternionic theory is actually complex. This improved approach is based upon the concept of von Neumann algebra of observables. Unfortunately, while \nthere exists a thorough literature about these algebras on real and complex Hilbert spaces, an analysis on the notion of von Neumann algebra over a quaternionic Hilbert space is \ncompletely absent to our knowledge. There are several issues in trying to define such a mathematical object, first of all the inability to construct linear combination of operators \nwith quaternionic coeffients. Restricting ourselves to unital real *-algebras of operators we are able to prove the von Neumann Double Commutant Theorem also on quaternionc \nHilbert spaces. Clearly, this property turns out to be crucial.
A case study of quantum mechanics is investigated in the framework of the philosophical opposition “mathematical model – reality”. All classical science obeys the postulate about the fundamental difference of model and reality, and thus distinguishing epistemology from ontology fundamentally. The theorems about the absence of hidden variables in quantum mechanics imply for it to be “complete” (versus Einstein’s opinion). That consistent completeness (unlike arithmetic to set theory in the foundations of mathematics in Gödel’s opinion) can be interpreted furthermore as the coincidence of model and reality. The paper discusses the option and fact of that coincidence it its base: the fundamental postulate formulated by Niels Bohr about what quantum mechanics studies (unlike all classical science). Quantum mechanics involves and develops further both identification and disjunctive distinction of the global space of the apparatus and the local space of the investigated quantum entity as complementary to each other. This results into the analogical complementarity of model and reality in quantum mechanics. The apparatus turns out to be both absolutely “transparent” and identically coinciding simultaneously with the reflected quantum reality. Thus, the coincidence of model and reality is postulated as necessary condition for cognition in quantum mechanics by Bohr’s postulate and further, embodied in its formalism of the separable complex Hilbert space, in turn, implying the theorems of the absence of hidden variables (or the equivalent to them “conservation of energy conservation” in quantum mechanics). What the apparatus and measured entity exchange cannot be energy (for the different exponents of energy), but quantum information (as a certain, unambiguously determined wave function) therefore a generalized law of conservation, from which the conservation of energy conservation is a corollary. Particularly, the local and global space (rigorously justified in the Standard model) share the complementarity isomorphic to that of model and reality in the foundation of quantum mechanics. On that background, one can think of the troubles of “quantum gravity” as fundamental, direct corollaries from the postulates of quantum mechanics. Gravity can be defined only as a relation or by a pair of non-orthogonal separable complex Hilbert space attachable whether to two “parts” or to a whole and its parts. On the contrary, all the three fundamental interactions in the Standard model are “flat” and only “properties”: they need only a single separable complex Hilbert space to be defined.
In the well known Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics, advocated by N. Bohr, the physical objects and the experimental results can be described only in a macroscopic language, leaving any possible microscopic description as unspeakable. This point of view has been deepened by C. Rovelli in the relational interpretation of Quantum mechanics. Most of the alternative interpretations, which try a detailed microscopic description of physical phenomena and of their evolution, have in common the explicit introduction of the wave function as the basic element of the theory. These interpretations require the notion of quantum state as the fundamental concept of the theory, which is the typical unspeakable physical element according to the Copenhagen interpretation. The two basic physical entities are intimately bound together by the integrity of the wave function. These interpretations are usually indicated as realistic. It is well known that the use of the wave function and its time evolution in the description of the physical processes leads unavoidably to some difficulties or so-called paradoxes. The measurement problem is at the center of these difficulties, mainly because it requires the introduction of the reduction process of the wave function, which is not included explicitly within the mathematical formalism of Quantum Mechanics. In this paper we build up and propose a model which goes beyond the standard formalism and which is able to solve the measurement problem and all the other difficulties which, in a way or in another, are related to it.
A solution to the part and whole problem is presented in this paper by using a complex mathematical representation that permits to define the Holon concept as a unit that remains itself in spite of complex operations such as integration and derivation. This can be done because of the remarkable isomorphic property of Euler Relation. We can then define a domain independent of the observer and the object where the object is embedded. We will then be able to have a Quantum Mechanics solution without the "observer drawback", as Karl R. Popper tried to find all his life but from the philosophical point of view and which was Einstein main concern about QM. A unit that has always similar or identical structure or form, despite even complex operations such as integration and derivation, is the ideal unit for the new sciences of complexity or just the systems sciences where structure or form, wholeness, organization, and complexity are main requirements. A table for validating the results obtained is presented in case of the pendulum formula.