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arXiv:nucl-th/0611097 · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields

Relativistic BCS-BEC crossover in a boson-fermion model

Jian Deng, Andreas Schmitt, Qun Wang

Published Aug 22, 2007• 46 citations
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Abstract

We investigate the crossover from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) pairing to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a relativistic superfluid within a boson-fermion model. The model includes, besides the fermions, separate bosonic degrees of freedom, accounting for the bosonic nature of the Cooper pairs. The crossover is realized by tuning the difference between the boson mass and boson chemical potential as a free parameter. The model yields populations of condensed and uncondensed bosons as well as gapped and ungapped fermions throughout the crossover region for arbitrary temperatures. Moreover, we observe the appearance of antiparticles for sufficiently large values of the crossover parameter. As an application, we study pairing of fermions with imbalanced populations. The model can potentially be applied to color superconductivity in dense quark matter at strong couplings.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.76.034013

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We investigate the crossover from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) pairing to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a relativistic superfluid within a boson-fermion model. The model includes, besides the fermions, separate bosonic degrees of freedom, accounting for the bosonic nature of the Cooper pairs. The crossover is realized by tuning the difference between the boson mass and boson chemical potential as a free parameter. The model yields populations of condensed and uncondensed bosons as well as gapped and ungapped fermions throughout the crossover region for arbitrary temperatures. Moreover, we observe the appearance of antiparticles for sufficiently large values of the crossover parameter. As an application, we study pairing of fermions with imbalanced populations. The model can potentially be applied to color superconductivity in dense quark matter at strong couplings.
We investigate here the BCS-BEC crossover in relativistic systems using a variational construct for the ground state and the minimization of the thermodynamic potential. This is first studied in a four-fermion point interaction model and with a BCS type ansatz for the ground state with fermion pairs. It is shown that the antiparticle degrees of freedom play an important role in the BCS-BEC crossover physics, even when the ratio of Fermi momentum to the mass of the fermion is small. We also consider the phase structure for the case of fermion pairing with imbalanced populations. Within the ansatz, thermodynamically stable gapless modes for both fermions and antifermions are seen for strong coupling in the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) regime. We further investigate the effect of fluctuations of the condensate field by treating it as a dynamical field and generalize the BCS ansatz to include quanta of the condensate field also in a boson-fermion model with quartic self-interaction of the condensate field. It is seen that the critical temperature decreases with inclusion of fluctuations.
The effect of an applied magnetic field in the crossover from Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) pairing regimes is investigated. We use a model of relativistic fermions and bosons inspired by those previously used in the context of cold fermionic atoms and in the magnetic-color-flavor-locking phase of color superconductivity. It turns out that, as with cold atom systems, an applied magnetic field can also tune the BCS-BEC crossover in the relativistic case. We find that no matter what the initial state is at B=0B=0B=0, for large enough magnetic fields the system always settles into a pure BCS regime. In contrast to the atomic case, the magnetic field tuning of the crossover in the relativistic system is not connected to a Feshbach resonance, but to the relative numbers of Landau levels with either BEC or BCS type of dispersion relations that are occupied at each magnetic field strength.
Character change of the superfluid phase due to the variation of the attractive force is investigated in the relativistic framework with a massive fermion. Two crossovers are found: One is a crossover from the usual BCS state to the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of bound fermion pairs. The other is from the BEC to the relativistic Bose-Einstein condensation (RBEC) of nearly massless bound pairs where the degrees of freedom of anti-particles as well as particles dominate the thermodynamics. Possible realization of the BEC and RBEC states in the quark matter is also pointed out.
This thesis focuses on the analysis of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) \nto Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) evolution in ultracold superfluid \nFermi gases when the interaction between atoms is varied. The tuning of \nattractive interactions permits the ground state of the system to evolve from a weak \nfermion attraction BCS limit of loosely bound and largely overlapping Cooper pairs \nto a strong fermion attraction limit of tightly bound small bosonic molecules \nwhich undergo BEC. \nThis evolution is accompanied by anomalous behavior of many superfluid \nproperties, and reveals several quantum phase transitions. \nThis thesis has two parts: \nIn the first part, I analyze zero and nonzero orbital angular momentum \npairing effects, and show that a quantum phase transition occurs for \nnonzero angular momentum pairing, unlike the sss-wave case where the BCS \nto BEC evolution is just a crossover. \nIn the second part, I analyze two-species fermion mixtures with mass and \npopulation imbalance in continuum, trap and lattice models. In contrast with \nthe crossover physics found in the mass and population balanced mixtures, \nI demonstrate the existence of phase transitions between normal and \nsuperfluid phases, as well as phase separation between superfluid (paired) \nand normal (excess) fermions in imbalanced mixtures as a function of scattering \nparameter and mass and population imbalance.
Based on the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory, the influence of the pairing interaction strength on the dineutron correlations and the crossover from superfluidity of neutron Cooper pairs in the 1S0{}^{1\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}}{S}_{0}1S0​ channel to Bose-Einstein condensation of dineutron pairs is systematically investigated in the nuclear matter. The bare nucleon-nucleon interaction Bonn-B is taken in the particle-particle channel with an effective factor to simulate the medium effects and take into account the possible ambiguity of pairing force, and the effective interaction PK1 is used in the particle-hole channel. If the effective factor is larger than 1.101.101.10, a dineutron Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) state appears in the low-density limit, and if it is smaller than 0.850.850.85, the neutron Cooper pairs are found totally in the weak coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) region. The reference values of several characteristic quantities which characterize the BCS-BEC crossover are obtained, respectively, from the dimensionless parameter 1/(kFna)1/({k}_{\mathrm{Fn}}a)1/(kFn​a) with aaa the scattering length and kFn{k}_{\mathrm{Fn}}kFn​ the neutron Fermi momentum, the zero-momentum transfer density correlation function D(0)D(0)D(0), and the effective chemical potential ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{n}}$.
We investigate single-particle properties of a mass-imbalanced Fermi gas in the BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer)--BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) crossover region. In the presence of mass imbalance, we point out that the ordinary TTT-matrix approximation, which has been extensively used to clarify various BCS-BEC crossover physics in the mass-balanced case, unphysically gives a double-valued solution in terms of the superfluid phase transition temperature Tc{T}_{\mathrm{c}}Tc​ in the crossover region. To overcome this serious problem, we include higher order strong-coupling corrections beyond the TTT-matrix level. Using this extended TTT-matrix theory, we calculate single-particle excitations in the normal state above Tc{T}_{\mathrm{c}}Tc​. The so-called pseudogap phenomena originating from pairing fluctuations are shown to be different between the light-mass component and heavy-mass component, which becomes more remarkable at higher temperatures. Since Fermi condensates with hetero-Cooper pairs have recently been discussed in various fields, such as exciton (polariton) condensates as well as color superconductivity, our results would be useful for the further development of Fermi superfluid physics, beyond the conventional superfluid state with homo-Cooper pairs.